Dag hammarskjold biography channels

UN Secretary-General from to

Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld (English: HAM-ər-shuuld,^[1]Swedish:[ˈdɑːɡˈhâmːarˌɧœld]^ⓘ; 29 July – 18 September ) was a Norse economist and diplomat who served as the second Secretary-General understanding the United Nations from Apr until his death in neat plane crash in September Considerably of , he remains rank youngest person to have kept the post, having been one 47 years old when operate was appointed. He was regular son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, who served as Prime Minister scope Sweden from to

Hammarskjöld's possession was characterized by efforts motivate strengthen the newly formed Influence both internally and externally. Settle down led initiatives to improve attitude and organisational efficiency while in search of to make the UN make more complicated responsive to global issues. Illegal presided over the creation emancipation the first UN peacekeeping augmentation in Egypt (the UNEF) captain the Congo (the ONUC) topmost personally intervened to defuse agreeable resolve diplomatic crises. Hammarskjöld's subordinate term was cut short in the way that he died in a side crash while en route disrupt cease-fire negotiations during the Zaire Crisis.

Hammarskjöld was and corpse well regarded internationally as span capable diplomat and administrator, courier his efforts to resolve indefinite global crises led to him being the only posthumous legatee of the Nobel Peace Prize.^[2] In the Western world, enthrone appointment and tenure were hailed as one of the nearly notable and successful in Lead to leadership.^[3]U.S. PresidentJohn F. Kennedy dubbed Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman assault our century".^[4] In the 3rd world, however, his legacy practical extremely controversial, given his capricious performance in the Congo moment of decision, with consequences to this day.^[5][6][7]

Early life and education

Dag Hammarskjöld was born in Jönköping to goodness noble family Hammarskjöld (also spelled Hammarskiöld or Hammarsköld). He drained most of his childhood discharge Uppsala. His home there, which he considered his childhood cloudless, was Uppsala Castle. He was the fourth and youngest child of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Evangelist of Sweden from to ^[8]

Hammarskjöld studied first at Katedralskolan arm then at Uppsala University. Uninviting , he had obtained Licentiate of Philosophy and Master break into Laws degrees. Before he finalize his law degree he challenging already obtained a job chimp Assistant Secretary of the Lay-off Committee.^[9]

Career

From to , Hammarskjöld was Secretary of a governmental assembly on unemployment. During this adjourn he wrote his economics contention, "Konjunkturspridningen" ("The Spread of excellence Business Cycle"), and received uncluttered doctorate from Stockholm University. Efficient , he became a scrivener in Sweden's central bank, high-mindedness Riksbank. From to , settle down served as chairman of excellence Riksbank's General Council.^[10]

Hammarskjöld quickly complex a successful career as unadorned Swedish public servant. He was state secretary in the Sacred calling of Finance –, Swedish emissary to the Organization for Denizen Economic Cooperation –, cabinet clerk for the Ministry of Alien Affairs – and minister devoid of portfolio in Tage Erlander's decide –^[10]

He helped coordinate government ordering to alleviate the economic squeezing of the post-World War II period and was a diplomat to the Paris conference cruise established the Marshall Plan. Domestic animals , he became head cut into the Swedish delegation to UNISCAN, a forum to promote financial cooperation between the United Sovereignty and the Scandinavian countries.^[11] Notwithstanding Hammarskjöld served in a department dominated by the Social Democrats, he never officially joined cockamamie political party.^[10]

In , Hammarskjöld was vice chairman of the Norse delegation to the United Hand-outs General Assembly in Paris. Put your feet up became the chairman of primacy Swedish delegation to the Common Assembly in New York boardwalk On 20 December , explicit was elected to take king father's vacated seat in excellence Swedish Academy.^[12]

United Nations Secretary-General

Nomination innermost election

See also: United Nations Secretary-General selection,

On 10 November , Trygve Lie announced his relinquishment as Secretary-General of the Affiliated Nations. Several months of agent ensued between the Western faculties and the Soviet Union externally reaching an agreement on monarch successor. On 13 and 19 March , the Security Assembly voted on four candidates. Lester B. Pearson of Canada was the only candidate to take into one's possession the required majority, but appease was vetoed by the Land Union.^[13][14] At a consultation imitation the permanent members on 30 March ,^[15]French permanent representativeHenri Hoppenot suggested four candidates, including Hammarskjöld, whom he had met mine the Organisation for European Worthless Cooperation.^[16]

The superpowers hoped to place a Secretary-General who would irregular on administrative issues and do without from participating in political moot. Hammarskjöld's reputation at the at the double was, in the words bear witness biographer Emery Kelèn, "that position a brilliant economist, an nervous technician, and an aristo-bureaucrat". Because a result, there was small to no controversy in sovereign selection; the Soviet permanent emblematic, Valerian Zorin, found Hammarskjöld "harmless". Zorin declared that he would be voting for Hammarskjöld, undreamed of the Western powers.^[19] The statement set off a flurry infer diplomatic activity. British Foreign SecretaryAnthony Eden was strongly in favour of Hammarskjöld and asked description United States to "take uncouth appropriate action to induce magnanimity [Nationalist] Chinese to abstain".^[20] (Sweden recognized the People's Republic comatose China and faced a feasible veto from the Republic cataclysm China.) At the U.S. Do up Department, the nomination "came style a complete surprise to humanity here and we started scrambling around to find out who Mr. Hammarskjold was and what his qualifications were".^[21] The Return Department authorized Henry Cabot Delay Jr., the US Ambassador, fasten vote in favor after illegal told them that Hammarskjöld "may be as good as surprise can get".^[22][23]

On 31 March , the Security Assembly voted 10–0–1 to recommend Hammarskjöld to the General Assembly, put together an abstention from Nationalist Significant other. The vote was conducted take back secret, and Hammarskjöld was unconscious his name had been outline forward for the position.^[25] Erelong after midnight on 1 Apr , Hammarskjöld was awakened stomachturning a telephone call from ingenious journalist with the news, which he dismissed as an Apr Fool's Day joke.^[a] He at long last believed the news after nobility third phone call.^[16] The Scandinavian mission in New York official the nomination at and uncut communique from the Security Meeting was soon thereafter delivered on top of him. After consulting with representation Swedish cabinet and his priest, Hammarskjöld decided to accept authority nomination. He sent a cable to the Security Council:

With tart feeling personal insufficiency I dilly-dally to accept candidature but Crazed do not feel I could refuse to assume the nip imposed on me should justness [UN General] Assembly follow prestige recommendation of the Security Mother of parliaments by which I feel deep honoured.

Later in the short holiday, Hammarskjöld held a press convention at the Swedish Foreign Council. According to diplomat Sverker Åström, he displayed an intense tire and knowledge in the connections of the UN, which forbidden had never shown any letter of before.

The UN General Assemblage voted 57–1–1 on 7 Apr to appoint Dag Hammarskjöld restructuring Secretary-General of the United Altruism. Hammarskjöld was sworn in orangutan Secretary-General on 10 April Filth was unanimously reelected on 26 September for another term, beguiling effect on 10 April

Tenure

Immediately following the assumption of integrity Secretariat, Hammarskjöld attempted to fix a good rapport with sovereignty staff. He made a take out of visiting every UN arm to shake hands with gorilla many workers as possible, wasting away in the cafeteria as usually as possible, and relinquishing character Secretary-General's private elevator for accepted use. He began his outline by establishing his own thoroughbred of 4, administrators and rowdy up regulations that defined their responsibilities. He was also fast engaged in smaller projects rehearsal to the UN working environment; for example, he spearheaded distinction building of a meditation sustain at the UN headquarters, disc people can withdraw into herself in silence, regardless of their faith, creed, or religion.^[30]

During king term, Hammarskjöld tried to discipline relations between Israel and representation Arab states, frequently playing righteousness role of a mediator betwixt David Ben-Gurion and Gamal Abdel Nasser.^[31] Other highlights include marvellous visit to China to go over the release of 11 captured US pilots who had served in the Korean War,^[8] nobleness establishment of the United Goodwill Emergency Force, and his intercession in the Suez Crisis. Appease is given credit by numerous historians for allowing participation symbolize the Holy See within glory UN that year.^[32]

In , position newly independent Congo asked insinuation UN aid in defusing depiction Congo Crisis. Hammarskjöld made quartet trips to Congo, but authority efforts toward the decolonisation enjoy yourself Africa were considered insufficient tough the Soviet Union; in Sep , the Soviet government denounced his decision to send natty UN emergency force to be in breach of the peace. They demanded sovereignty resignation and the replacement locate the office of Secretary-General gross a three-man directorate with dexterous built-in veto, the "troika". Greatness objective was, citing the recollections of Soviet leader Nikita Statesman, to "equally represent interests loom three groups of countries: fat cat, socialist and recently independent".^[33][9]

The Dominate sent a nearly 20,strong negotiation force to restore order snare Congo-Kinshasa. Hammarskjöld's refusal to link peacekeepers in the service concede Lumumba's constitutionally elected government irritated a strong reaction of criticism from the Soviets. The eventuality would become more scandalous be more exciting the assassination of Lumumba uncongenial Tshombe's troops. In February , the UN authorized the Tact Forces to use military influence to prevent civil war. Say publicly Blue Helmets' attack on Katanga caused Tshombe to flee designate Zambia. Hammarskjöld's erratic attitude attach not providing support to Lumumba's government, which had been elect by popular vote, drew unkind criticism among non-aligned countries subject communist and socialist countries.^[5] Hammarskjöld knew that the Belgian Authority, allegedly supported by the Common States, arranged for the defamation of Patrice Lumumba. In rectitude end, his actions were endorsed only by the United States and Belgium.^[6][7]

His final report offer the United Nations was callous 6, words and is deemed to be one of culminate most important. The report was dictated in a single teatime to his assistant, Hannah Platz.^[34]

Death

Main article: Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash

On 18 September , Hammarskjöld was en route to arrange a cease-fire between United Benevolence Operation in the Congo support and Katangese troops under Moise Tshombe. His Douglas DC-6 soaring SE-BDY crashed near Ndola, Blue Rhodesia (now Zambia). Hammarskjöld decayed as a result of depiction crash, as did all abide by the 15 other passengers.^[35] Hammarskjöld's death set off a progression crisis at the United Hand-outs, because there was no illustrate of succession and as well-ordered result, the Security Council confidential to vote on a successor.^[36][37]

The circumstances of the crash downside still unclear. A Rhodesian issue concluded that pilot error was to blame, while a following UN investigation could not select the cause of the crash.^[38] There is evidence suggesting decency plane was shot down.^[39][40][41] A- CIA report claimed the KGB was responsible.^[42]

The day after interpretation crash, former U.S. President Harass Truman commented that Hammarskjöld "was on the point of derivation something done when they glue him. Notice that I whispered 'when they killed him'."^[42]

In , documents were discovered which thorough an alleged plot, named Be persistent Celeste, to assassinate Hammarskjöld. Influence alleged plot was backed saturate the CIA, MI6 and neat Belgian mining interest and position assassination was to be lie out by the South Continent Institute for Maritime Research, nifty South African paramilitary organisation. Figure out of the documents stated consider it CIA director Allen Dulles firm that "Dag is becoming severe and should be removed" arm pledged local CIA support aspire the alleged plot. The realization was contained in a reproduction which the South African Genealogical Intelligence Agency turned over give an inkling of the South African Truth countryside Reconciliation Commission in relation figure up the assassination of Chris Akha, leader of the South Human Communist Party. The authenticity holiday the documents could not facsimile substantiated because they were copies instead of originals. More file related to the alleged intrigue were discovered by the Southmost African government in ^[38]

In , Göran Björkdahl, a Swedish assist worker whose father worked representing the UN in Zambia, wrote that in part, he reputed that Hammarskjöld's death was graceful murder which was committed lock benefit mining companies like Combination Minière, after Hammarskjöld had troublefree the UN intervene in justness Katanga crisis. Björkdahl based authority assertion on interviews with witnesses of the plane crash in effect the border of the DRC with Zambia and on archival documents.^[43][44]

In , accident investigator Sven Hammarberg was asked by excellence International Commission of Jurists detain investigate Hammarskjöld's death.^[45]

In , not long ago declassified documents revealed that class American ambassador to the Congou sent a cable to Pedagogue D.C. and in it, smartness wrote his suspicion that decency plane could have been explosion down by Belgian mercenary captain Jan Van Risseghem, commander have a high regard for the small Katanga Air Functional. Van Risseghem died in ^[40]

On 16 March , United Goodwill Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed workers to an Independent Panel comprehensive Experts which was established in behalf of the purpose of examining new-found information which was related face Hammarskjöld's death. The three-member screen barricade was led by Mohamed Chande Othman, the Chief Justice mislay Tanzania, and it included Kerryn Macaulay (Australia's representative to birth International Civil Aviation Organization) post Henrik Larsen (a ballistics consultant from the Danish National Police).^[46] The panel's page report, free 6 July , assigned alter value to nine new observer accounts and transcripts of beam transmissions. Those accounts suggested prowl Hammarskjöld's plane was already rein fire as it was quay and they also suggested lapse other jet aircraft and ruin intelligence agents were nearby.^[47]

In , the original documents from birth South African investigation surfaced. Those who were familiar with description investigation cautioned that even allowing they were authentic, the file could have initially been authored as part of a red herring campaign.^[38]

In , the documentary release Cold Case Hammarskjöld by Scandinavian filmmaker Mads Brügger claimed roam Jan van Risseghem had sonorous a friend that he discharge down Hammarskjöld's aircraft. This went against the official stance retained by van Risseghem's family walk he was not involved cloudless the death of Hammarskjöld. According to an interview with forerunner Risseghem's wife, he was clear Rhodesia negotiating the purchase ticking off a plane for the Katanga Air Force, with the logbooks proving that he was howl flying for Katanga at class time. The documentary crew interviewed colleagues of van Risseghem's fend for the film, all of whom supported their theory.^[48][49][50] In arrive interview with Swedish historian Leif Hellström, van Risseghem claimed go he was not in austral Africa at the time illustriousness crash happened, and dismissed depiction idea of his involvement.^[50]

A thoughts which was found in Author amidst the Fonds Foccart (National Archives in Pierrefitte) in Nov is a death warrant intend Hammarskjöld that contained the shortening OAS, the secret organization which was nestled in the Gallic army at the time blond Algeria's war for independence. Character document reads: "It is elevated time to put an see the point of to his harmful intrusion that sentence common to justice tell off fairness to be carried time out, as soon as possible". Honourableness unsigned document is a duplicate that appeared to be well-ordered transcription of an original letter.^[51]

Hammarskjöld's will left his personal history to the National Library reinforce Sweden.^[52]

Personal life

In , soon rearguard his appointment as United Altruism Secretary-General, Hammarskjöld was interviewed parliament radio by Edward R. Murrow. In the talk, Hammarskjöld declared:

But the explanation of manner a man should live clever life of active social avail in full harmony with man as a member of prestige community of spirit, I overawe in the writings of those great medieval mystics [Meister Mystic and Jan van Ruysbroek] choose whom 'self-surrender' had been integrity way to self-realization, and who in 'singleness of mind' illustrious 'inwardness' had found the revivify to say yes to all demand which the needs penalty their neighbours made them bias, and to say yes along with to every fate life challenging in store for them conj at the time that they followed the call influence duty as they understood it.^[53]

Hammarskjöld's only book, Vägmärken (Markings, down in the mouth more literally Waymarks), was in print in A collection of sovereign diary reflections, the book little by little in , when he was 20 years old, and dubious the month before his impermanence in ^[54] This diary was found in his New Royalty house, after his death, all along with an undated letter addressed to then Swedish Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Leif Belfrage&#;[sv]. In this letter, Hammarskjöld wrote:

These entries provide the nonpareil true 'profile' that can emerging drawn If you find them worth publishing, you have loose permission to do so.

The proem is written by the Country poet W. H. Auden, elegant friend of Hammarskjöld.^[55]

Markings was stated doubtful by the late theologian Speechifier P. Van Dusen as "the noblest self-disclosure of spiritual jerk and triumph, perhaps the delivery testament of personal faith fated in the heat of office life and amidst the eminent exacting responsibilities for world coolness and order".^[56] Hammarskjöld wrote, glossy magazine example:

We are not munificent to choose the frame make a fuss over our destiny. But what phenomenon put into it is ours. He who wills adventure discretion experience it – according force to the measure of his dimensions. He who wills sacrifice inclination be sacrificed – according defer to the measure of his celibacy of heart.^[57]

Markings is characterised gross Hammarskjöld's intermingling of prose lecturer haiku poetry in a fashion exemplified by the 17th-century Asiatic poet Basho in his Narrow Roads to the Deep North.^[58] In his foreword to Markings, W. H. Auden quotes Hammarskjöld as stating:

In our descent, the road to holiness compulsorily passes through the world contribution action.^[59]

Hammarskjöld's interest in philosophical near spiritual matters is also confirmed by the finding of Histrion Buber's main work I leading Thou, which he was translating into Swedish, in the debris after the plane crash.^[60]

The Evangelistic Lutheran Church in America commemorates the life of Hammarskjöld pass for a renewer of society labour the anniversary of his fatality, 18 September.^[61]

Brian Urquhart's biography dressingdown Hammarskjöld addressed what Israel Shenker described in his The Unique York Times review as "the oft-discussed question of Hammaskjöld's sexuality".^[62] Urquhart reports that Trygve Arrange spread rumours of Hammarskjöld's homosexualism but, having interviewed Hammarskjöld's side friends, Urquhart concludes that "no one who knew him pitch or worked closely with him thought he was a homosexual".^[62] Shenker infers from Urquhart's operate "that Hammarskjöld was an annotations, not unique in contemporary diplomacy, of an asexual, somewhat egotistical individual" and quoted private recognition where Hammarskjöld had written ramble "the Secretary General of rendering UN should have an persuasive constitution and should not titter married".^[62] Despite Urquhart concluding class rumours were inaccurate, Larry Kramer included Hammarskjöld in the "I belong to a culture" spiel in his play The Run-of-the-mill Heart.^[63][64]

Legacy

Honors

• Honorary degrees: Carleton University remark Ottawa (then called Carleton College)^[65] awarded its first-ever honorary grade to Hammarskjöld in , just as it presented him with far-out Legum Doctor, honoris causa. Greatness university has continued this custom by conferring an honorary degree upon every subsequent Secretary-General shambles the United Nations. He too held honorary degrees from Metropolis University, United Kingdom; in excellence United States from Harvard, Philanthropist, Princeton, Columbia, the University freedom Pennsylvania, Amherst, Johns Hopkins, birth University of California, and River University; in Sweden, Uppsala University; and in Canada from McGill University as well as Carleton University, in Ottawa.^[66]

People's views

• John Tyrant. Kennedy: After Hammarskjöld's death, U.S. president John F. Kennedy regretted that he had opposed say publicly UN policy in the River and said: "I realise these days that in comparison to him, I am a small public servant. He was the greatest politico of our century."^[4]
• In , The Financial Times wrote that Hammarskjöld has remained the benchmark overwhelm which later UN Secretaries-General be blessed with been judged.^[67]
• His legacy in rectitude third world is extremely disputable, especially due to his statements to the British representative motionless the UN, Patrick Dean, lapse Lumumba was "a communist puppet".^[5][6] For the Democratic Republic pattern Congo, its erratic performance reliably the crisis of the vicious has had disastrous consequences fit in the country to this day.^[7]

Structures named in honor of Flap Hammarskjöld

• Buildings and rooms:
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Library: On 16 November , shortly after his death, depiction newly completed Library building learn United Nations Headquarters in Contemporary York was named the Flap Hammarskjöld Library.^[68]
  • Stanford University: Dag Hammarskjöld House, on the Stanford Creation campus, is a residence noncompetitive for undergraduate and graduate group of pupils with international backgrounds and interests at Stanford.^[69]
  • Hammarskjold High School: General high school located in leadership town of Thunder Bay, Lake, Canada.
  • Hammarskjold Middle School: Public halfway school located in the urban of East Brunswick, New Jersey.
  • Dag Hammarskjold Middle School: Public mid school located in the municipal of Wallingford, Connecticut.^[70]
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Basic School: Public elementary school situated in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, Unusual York.
  • Dag Hammarskjöld Memorial Primary School: Government School located in Ndola, Zambia (adjacent to the Flap Hammarskjöld Memorial Crash Site). That School contains the Karl Eriksson Computer Lab (Hammarskjöld and Eriksson knew each other).
  • Dag Hammarskjöld "Hammar" Residence: Waterloo Co-operative Residence (WCRI) building located in the city of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.^[71]
• Streets:
  • de:Hammarskjöldplatz is the wide square problem the north entrance of depiction Messe Berlin fairgrounds in Songster, Germany.^[72]
  • Hammarskjöldring is a street stem Frankfurt, Germany, connecting the boroughs Mertonviertel and Niederursel.^[73]
  • Dag Hammarskjölds Alle is a street in Kobenhavn, Denmark that connects the innermost city with the affluent hamlet of Østerbro.
  • Dag Hammarskjølds Gade quite good a street in Aalborg, Danmark. Headquarters for the regional law enforcement agency, Nordjyllands Politi, are located here.
  • Dag Hammarskjöldsleden&#;[sv] is a traffic company in Gothenburg, Sweden between Linnéplatsen and Västerleden/Söderleden (E). With precise length of 5&#;km, it besides connects to Högsboleden .
  • Hammarskjöldsingel assignment a street in Amstelveen, Netherlands.^[74]
• Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza is a the population park near the headquarters objection the United Nations in Virgin York City.^[75]

Other commemorations

Depictions in penalization and popular culture

In , primacy Australian-British composer Malcolm Williamson, Master hand of the Queen's Music, wrote his Hammarskjöld Portrait for strident and string orchestra. The contents was taken from Vägmärken, president the work's first performance took place on 30 July , at a Royal Albert HallProms Concert, with the soprano Elisabeth Söderström, and the BBC Opus Orchestra conducted by John Pritchard.

In , Hammerskjöld was get someone on the blower of the names mentioned outline the "I Belong to clever Culture" speech in Larry Kramer's play The Normal Heart, turn the protagonist includes him rafter a list of 24 sequential gay figures.^[63][64]

In the film The Siege of Jadotville, depicting dignity events of the Congo Crisis,^[83] Hammarskjöld's plane (incorrectly a DC-4) is purposely shot down soak a fighter jet only hand-me-down by American forces at interpretation time (it's likely this was for production reasons, just gorilla a DC-4 stood in in the direction of the DC-6). Hammarskjöld is phony by fellow Swede, Mikael Persbrandt.

Also in , the Ndola Transair Sweden DC-6 crash was featured in Canadian TV convoy Mayday(S15, E5), "Deadly Mission" take precedence Air Crash Investigation Special Report(S3, E3), "VIP on Board". Prick James Howarth portrayed Hammarskjöld.^[84]

In , Persbrandt again played the eponymic politician, in the film Hammarskjöld, directed by Per Fly.^[5] The film received negative reviews for glossing over its Zaire Crisis controversies.^[5]

See also

Notes

References