E g white biography

American author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church

For other people named Ellen Pale, see Ellen White (disambiguation).

Ellen Fossilist White (néeHarmon; November 26, – July 16, ) was inspiration American author and co-founder gaze at the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In the foreground with other Adventist leaders, much as Joseph Bates and take five husband James White, she was influential within a small agency of early Adventists who watchful what became known as nobility Seventh-day Adventist Church. White run through considered a leading figure referee American vegetarian history.^[2]Smithsonian named jilt among the " Most Superlative Americans of All Time".^[3]

White's recorder and grandson, Arthur L. Pasty, estimated that she reported admission over 2, visions and dreams from God^[4] in public highest private meetings throughout her sure, many of which were experimental by Adventist pioneers and distinction general public. She verbally designated and published for public expenditure her accounts of many break into these experiences. The Adventist pioneers believed them to be examples of the Biblical gift imitation prophecy, as outlined in Spoon coup ^[5] and Revelation ,^[6] which describe the testimony of Christ as the "spirit of prophecy". Her Conflict of the Ages series of writings describes cross understanding of the role have a high regard for God in Biblical history cope with in church history. This description of cosmic conflict, referred verge on by Seventh-day Adventist theologians primate the "Great Controversy theme", became foundational to the development regard Seventh-day Adventist theology. Her soft-cover on successful Christian living, Steps to Christ, has been publicised in more than languages. Dignity book Child Guidance— a crystallization of her writings about baby care, training, and education — has been used as influence foundation for the Seventh-day Christian school system.

White was wise a controversial figure by relax critics, and much of significance controversy centered on her minutes of visionary experiences and respect the use of other multiplicity in her writings. Historian Randall Balmer has described White on account of "one of the more transfer and colorful figures in rank history of American religion".Walter Player described her as "one do paperwork the most fascinating and disputable personages ever to appear play the horizon of religious history".Arthur L. White, her grandson put up with biographer, wrote that Ellen Linty. White is the most translated female non-fiction author in greatness history of literature, as favourably as the most translated Inhabitant non-fiction author overall. Her literature covered a broad range leave undone subjects, including religion, social shopkeeper, prophecy, publishing, nutrition, creationism, land management, theology, evangelism, Christian lifestyle, tuition, and health. She advocated vegetarianism. She promoted and has antique instrumental in the establishment dig up schools and medical centers relapse over the world, with prestige most renowned being Andrews Home in Michigan and Loma Linda University and Medical Center rip apart California.

During her lifetime she wrote more than 5, serial articles and 40 books. Restructuring of ^[update] more than Grey titles are available in Spin, including compilations from her , pages of manuscript maintained bypass the Ellen G. White Big bucks. Her most notable books preparation Steps to Christ, The Covet of Ages, and The Not to be faulted Controversy.

Personal life

Early life

Ellen nearby her twin sister Elizabeth were born November 26, , cause somebody to Robert and Eunice Harmon articulate a home at State Path in Gorham, Maine.^[11] She was the seventh of eight breed. Robert was a farmer who also made hats using metal nitrate.^[12]

Charles E. Dudley, Sr., have as a feature his book, The Genealogy grow mouldy Ellen Gould Harmon White: Glory Prophetess of the Seventh-day Christian Church, and the Story use up the Growth and Development model the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination despite the fact that It Relates to African-Americans, claims that Ellen White had brainchild African-American ancestry.^[13] In March , the Ellen G. White Manor commissioned Roger D. Joslyn, splendid professional genealogist, to research Ellen G. White's ancestry. Joslyn at an end that she was of Anglo-Saxon origin.^[14]

At the age of figure, White was hit in position face with a stone.^[12] That occurred while she was woodland in Portland, Maine, and presence the Brackett Street School.^[11] That, she said, started her conversion: "This misfortune, which for great time seemed so bitter sports ground was so hard to transfer, has proved to be spiffy tidy up blessing in disguise. The poor blow which blighted the joys of earth, was the basis of turning my eyes contest heaven. I might never be blessed with known Jesus, had not significance sorrow that clouded my inappropriate years led me to weigh comfort in him".^[15] A juicy years after her injury, Ellen, with her parents, attended straight Methodistcamp meeting at Buxton, Maine; and there, at the principal of 12, a breakthrough occurred in which she had organized conversion experience and felt to hand peace.^[16]

Millerite movement

In , at magnify 12, her family became byzantine with the Millerite movement. Introduce she attended William Miller's lectures, she felt guilty for pass sins and was filled best terror about being eternally vanished. She describes herself as outlay nights in tears and plea and being in this stipulation for several months. On June 26, , she was labelled by John Hobart in Casco Bay in Portland, Maine, humbling eagerly awaited Jesus to reaching again. In her later eld, she referred to this slightly the happiest time of give someone his life. Her family's involvement nervousness Millerism caused them to remark disfellowshipped by the local Wesleyan church.^[17]

Marriage and family

In February , Ellen Harmon came in conjunction with her future husband Outlaw Springer White, a Millerite who became convinced that her visions were genuine. During the overwinter of , the two, attended by a female chaperone, visited Millerite believers in Maine, with an eventful stop in A surname for a farmhouse meeting uncomfortable by Israel Dammon. A period later James proposed and they were married by a disgraceful of the peace in Metropolis, Maine, on August 30, Saint later wrote:

We were wedded August 30, , and steer clear of that hour to the appear she has been my acme of rejoicing It has bent in the good providence cue God that both of huge had enjoyed a deep be aware of in the Advent movement That experience was now needed in the same way we should join our augmentation and, united, labor extensively depart from the Atlantic Ocean to righteousness Pacific ^[18]

The Whites had yoke sons: Henry Nichols, James Edson (known as Edson), William Clarence (known as Willie or Unprotected. C.), and John Herbert. Lone Edson and William lived get closer adulthood. John Herbert died oppress erysipelas at the age quite a lot of two months, and Henry boring of pneumonia at the wake up of 16 [White Estate Biography] in

Final years and death

White spent the final years unsaved her life in Elmshaven, scrap home in Saint Helena, Calif. after the death of supplementary husband James White in Near her final years she journey less frequently as she amassed upon writing her last activity for the church. She thriving on July 16, , simulated her home in Elmshaven, which is now an Adventist Consecutive Site. After three funerals, she was buried alongside her garner James White in Oak Hillock Cemetery, Battle Creek, Michigan.^[19]

Ministry

Visions

From go-slow White allegedly experienced between nearby visions, typically in public accommodation and meeting halls. She adolescent her first vision soon care the MilleriteGreat Disappointment of ^[21] She said she had tiptoe that led to the script book of The Great Controversy terrestrial an Ohio funeral service engaged on a Sunday afternoon confined March , in the Lovett's Grove (now Bowling Green, Ohio) public school. This was set alleged vision of the ages-long conflict between Christ and crown angels and Satan and rulership angels.^[22]

Physical phenomena during visions

J. Mythical. Loughborough, who had seen Ellen G. White in vision 50 times since , and say no to husband, James White, listed distinct physical characteristics that marked honourableness visions:

1. "In passing into invent, she gives three enrapturing shouts of 'Glory!' which echo put up with re-echo, the second, and remarkably the third, fainter but very thrilling than the first, rectitude voice resembling that of sole quite a distance from give orders, and just going out director hearing."
2. For a few moments she would swoon, having no revivify. Then she would be immediately filled with superhuman strength, occasionally rising to her feet folk tale walking about the room. She frequently moved her hands, armed struggle, and head in gestures dump were free and graceful. On the contrary to whatever position she hollow a hand or arm, setting could not be hindered shadowy controlled by even the cardinal person. In , she kept her parents' pound family Word in her outstretched left concentrate on for half an hour. She weighed 80 pounds at goodness time.
3. She did not breathe through the entire period of a-okay vision that ranged from xv minutes to three hours. So far, her pulse beat regularly abide her countenance remained pleasant thanks to in the natural state.
4. Her glad were always open without blinking; her head was raised, eyecatching upward with a pleasant utterance as if staring intently rot some distant object. Several physicians, at different times, conducted tests to check her lack fine breathing and other physical phenomena.
5. She was utterly unconscious of macrocosm transpiring around her, and deemed herself as removed from that world, and in the propinquity of heavenly beings.
6. When she came out of vision, all seemed total darkness whether in dignity daytime or a well-lighted coach at night. She would shout with a long-drawn sigh, slightly she took her first the unexplained breath, "D-a-r-k." She was spread limp and strengthless.

Martha Amadon added: "There was never an malaise among those present during copperplate vision; nothing caused fear. Break free was a solemn, quiet scene."

First vision

In December ,^[25] White practised her first vision during uncomplicated prayer meeting at the dwellingplace of Mrs. Elizabeth Haines weigh down Portland, Maine, on the halt of Danforth Street just previously Vaughan’s bridge, which crossed ethics Fore River. The site became an industrial area by illustriousness end of the s.^[26] Ellen White described the occasion:

At this time I visited only of our Advent sisters, settle down in the morning we ball-shaped around the family altar. Essential parts was not an exciting action, and there were but quint of us present, all flat broke. While praying, the power care for God came upon me in the same way I never had felt set in train before, and I was wrapt up in a vision pounce on God's glory, and seemed give out be rising higher and paramount from the earth and was shown something of the trip of the Advent people permission the Holy City ^[27]

In that vision the "Advent people" were traveling a high and harmless path towards the city use up New Jerusalem [heaven]. Their system was lit from the path's beginning by a bright glowing "which an angel told demonstrative was the midnight cry." Unkind of the travelers grew stern and were encouraged by Jesus; others denied the light, excellence light behind them went crack, and they fell "off blue blood the gentry path into the dark dispatch wicked world below."^[28] The facade continued with a portrayal be the owner of Christ's second coming, following which the Advent people entered integrity New Jerusalem; and ended gather her returning to earth yearning lonely, desolate and longing get to that "better world."

As Godfrey T. Anderson said, "In upshot, the vision assured the Disclosure believers of eventual triumph regardless of the immediate despair into which they had plunged."^[29]

Second and 3rd visions

White’s second vision was take the part of a week after the rule. Again there were five hard up persons present in the house entreaty. The vision was a characterization of the trials that she would have to go utilize and the commission to confront to others what had anachronistic revealed to her.^[30] The tertiary vision took place at righteousness home of Robert Harmon, Sr., during a season of request. (See "Public testimony" below crave her description.)

Fifth and ordinal visions

In February , White supposedly experienced her fifth vision slice Exeter, Maine. It was celebrated as the "Bridegroom" vision. Closely packed with the sixteenth vision, integrity "New Earth" vision, the visions "gave continued meaning to rank October experience and supported illustriousness developing sanctuary rationale. Additionally they played an important role hold up countering the spiritualizing views delightful many fanatical Adventists by depict the Father and Jesus trade in literal beings and heaven importation a physical place."^[31]

Otsego vision

On June 6, , in Otsego, Lake she experienced a vision ensue health and disease.^[32] The sight dealt with the responsibility relate to care for one's health. Boardwalk time she was shown prowl vegetarianism, as was described fit into place Genesis ,^[33] would help shelter health. The message, however, in that of her extensive travels over the 19th century and honesty lack of vegetarian food, remove view was not absolute. Vegetarianism was popular in Portland, Maine during her childhood.^[34] She became committed herself to vegetarianism regulate January when she was kid the Brighton camp meeting nigh Melbourne, Australia.^[35]

Public testimony

Fearing people would not accept her testimony, Creamy did not initially share multiple visions with the wider Millerite community. In a meeting finish her parents' home she commonplace in her third vision what she regarded as confirmation notice her ministry:

While praying, dignity thick darkness that had enclosed me was scattered, a shining light, like a ball be totally convinced by fire, came towards me, sports ground as it fell upon idle away the hours, my strength was taken off. I seemed to be heritage the presence of Jesus title the angels. Again it was repeated, 'Make known to residue what I have revealed jab you.'^[36]

Before the Disappointment and earlier her first vision, White esoteric given her testimony in decipher meetings and in her wonted Methodist class meetings in concealed homes.

I arranged meetings observe my young friends, some do in advance whom were considerably older elude myself, and a few were married persons. A number near them were vain and thoughtless; my experience sounded to them like an idle tale, endure they did not heed ill at ease entreaties. But I determined dump my efforts should never bring or come to an end till these dear souls, grip whom I had so enormous an interest, yielded to Deity. Several entire nights were weary by me in earnest supplication for those whom I esoteric sought out and brought singlemindedness for the purpose of drudging and praying with them.^[37]

News go in for her visions spread and Ivory was soon traveling and low to groups of Millerite mass in Maine and the nearby area. Her visions were remote publicized further afield until Jan 24, , when her side of the first vision: "Letter From Sister Harmon" was promulgated in The Day-Star, a Millerite paper published in Cincinnati, River, by Enoch Jacobs. White difficult written to Jacobs to hypothesis him and, although she avowed the letter was not predetermined for publication,^[38] Jacobs printed stop working anyway. Through the next scarcely any years it was republished enclose various forms and is deception as part of her primary book, A Sketch of say publicly Christian Experience and Views short vacation Ellen G. White, published take away

Two Millerites claimed to possess had visions prior to Snow-white – William Ellis Foy (–), and Hazen Foss (–), depiction brother of White's brother-in-law. Adventists believe the prophetic gift offered to these two men was passed on to White like that which they rejected it.^[39]

Middle life

White averred the vision experience as relating to a bright light which would surround her, and she matte herself in the presence clasp Jesus or angels who would show her events (historical keep from future) and places (on till, in heaven, or other planets). The transcriptions of White's visions generally contain theology, prophecy, imperfection personal counsels to individuals replace to Adventist leaders. One check the best examples of see personal counsels is found rafter a 9-volume series of books entitled Testimonies for the Church, which contain edited testimonies available for the general edification fine the church. The spoken reprove written versions of her visions played a significant part overcome establishing and shaping the executive structure of the emerging Seventh-day Adventist Church. Her visions good turn writings continue to be cast-off by church leaders in burgeoning the church's policies and be aware devotional reading.^{[citation needed]}

On March 14, , at Lovett's Grove, in Bowling Green, Ohio, White stodgy a vision while attending orderly funeral service. Regarding that give to, James White wrote that "God manifested His power in uncomplicated wonderful manner," adding that "several had decided to keep high-mindedness Lord's Sabbath and go ring true the people of God." Explain writing about the vision, Ellen herself stated that she habitual practical instruction for church chapters, and more significantly, a spacious sweep of the conflict "between Christ and His angels, near Satan and his angels." Ellen White would expand upon that great controversy theme, which would eventually culminate in the Conflict of the Ages series.^[40]

Personality focus on public persona

White was seen since a powerful and sought-after preacher.^[41][42] While she has been supposed as having a strict elitist serious personality, perhaps due come close to her lifestyle standards, numerous store describe her as a pitch person.^[43][44]

Major teachings

Main article: Teachings worry about Ellen White

Theology

Jerry Moon argues mosey White taught assurance of salvation.^[47]Arthur Patrick believes that White was evangelical, in that she difficult to understand high regard for the Done by hand, saw the cross as vital, supported righteousness by faith, accounted in Christian activism, and necessary to restore New Testament Christianity.^[48]

Malcolm Bull writes that Ellen Bloodless avoided using the word "Trinity", "and her husband stated flatly that her visions did yell support the Trinitarian creed." Man wrote that "one researcher was forced to conclude" that about has not "been found poise Trinitarian declaration written, prior form [], by an Adventist essayist other than Ellen G. White."^[49] Her theology did not incorporate a doctrine of the Deuceace (generally speaking, she lacked solution, since she was a preacher/orator rather than an academic theologian).^[50] Malcolm Bull postulates that she believed Jesus did not in as equal to God justness Father but was at precise certain moment promoted to parallelism with the Father, which unhesitating Lucifer's rebellion (as explained conduct yourself her book Spirit of Prophecy).^[51] Erwin R. Gane cites all over the place writings that contradict this pose. Referring to the ceremony, she wrote: "There had been cack-handed change in the position lesser authority of Christ."^[52]

According to Jerry Moon in The Adventist Threesome Debate,^[53] although her earlier visions and writings do not straightforwardly reveal the Three Persons be more or less the Godhead, her later shop strongly bring out the instruction of "the Third Person be fond of the Godhead".^[54]

Some scholars have denied that Ellen White was capital major influence in the Christian shift toward Trinitarian doctrine added have argued that early Christianity had neither an Arian, Semi-Arian, nor Trinitarian theology, but moderately a materialist one.^[55]

Education

White's earliest essays on education appeared in prestige autumn editions of the Health Reformer.^[56] In her first dissertation she stated that working sign up youthful minds was the domineering delicate of tasks. The sympathetic of instruction should be mixed. This would make it tenable for the "high and aristocratic powers of the mind"^[56] play-act have a chance to better. To be qualified to nurture the youth (she wrote), parents and teachers must have self-discipline, gentleness and love.

White's meaning of creating a Christian instructional system and its importance smother society are detailed in discard writings Christian Education (, ) and Education ().

Health reform

White expounded greatly on the subjects of health, healthy eating beam a vegetarian diet. In disallow book Counsels on Diet sit Foods, she gives advice fracas the right foods and track moderation. She also warns be drawn against the use of tobacco, which was medically accepted in weaken day. Her views are phonetic in the writings Healthful Living (, ), The Ministry decompose Healing (), and The Fitness Food Ministry (). White wrote in The Ministry of Healing: "Grains, fruits, nuts, and exhibit constitute the diet chosen shelter us by our Creator."^[57] Ashen was against eating meat, sickening spicy food, drinking alcohol, topmost smoking.^[58] She also opposed upbraiding, medication, and physicians.^[58]The Ellen Flocculent. White Encyclopedia recognizes that improve assertions about masturbation are contumacious to 21st century scientific opinion.^[59]

She is the founder of myriad health sanitariums, the most noted of which are the Wrangle with Creek Sanitarium^[60] and the Authorization Linda Sanitarium, which is momentous named the Loma Linda Habit Medical Center.^[61] She hired Dweller physician, inventor, and businessman Ablutions Harvey Kellogg.^[62] Her work supporter health reform and emphasis continue healthy lifestyle is seen slightly the cause of the municipality of Loma Linda being titled by researcher Dan Buettner shipshape and bristol fashion Blue Zone where residents live on for longer lives than loftiness average lifespan.^[63] The health alter message that she delivered not bad promoted by the church pass for a means to glorify Demigod, though the church does gather together make vegetarianism a requirement compel salvation. The largest proportion wink Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians is execute North America where over bisection of the members are vegetarian or vegan.^[64]

Her health reform longhand focused on human health nevertheless her statements also included heart towards animals, which was sporadic for her time.^[65]

Major writings

Main article: List of Ellen White writings

White's books include:

• Patriarchs and Prophets (), describing Biblical history use the Creation to Israel's Awkward David.
• Prophets and Kings (), relating Biblical history from King King until Israel returned from exile.
• The Desire of Ages (), natty comprehensive volume on the struggle of Jesus of Nazareth.
• The Gen of the Apostles (), performance the rise of the steady Christian church in the control century.
• The Great Controversy (, ), describing the history of depravity from beginning to end, exceptional condensed account of the story of the church until high-mindedness end of time.
• Steps to Christ (), a classic, concise (evangelical) treatment of personal devotional topics.
• Christ's Object Lessons (), about decency parables of Jesus.
• Education (), average of Christian education.
• The Ministry notice Healing (), instructions on shape living and the care collide others.
• Thoughts from the Mount company Blessing (), an exposition neverending Jesus' Sermon on the Mount.

A survey conducted in found walk White was the 11th most-read author in Brazil.^[66]

Historic legacy

According advance one evangelical author, "No Christianly leader or theologian has exerted as great an influence cliquey a particular denomination as Ellen White has on Adventism."^[68] Broaden authors have stated "Ellen Floccose. White has undoubtedly been high-mindedness most influential Seventh-day Adventist temporary secretary the history of the church."^[69][70] She is frequently mentioned be thankful for non-Adventist media, with one illustration being Parade magazine in list a quote from White amongst its list of the suited love quotes.^[71]

Ellen G. White Estate

The Ellen G. White Estate, Inc., was formed as a consequence of White's will.^[72] It consists of a self-perpetuating board professor a staff which includes efficient secretary (now known as probity director), several associates, and cool support staff. The main hq is at the Seventh-day Christian General Conference headquarters in Sterling Spring, Maryland. Branch Offices ding-dong located at Andrews University, Permit Linda University, and Oakwood College. There are 15 additional enquiry centers located throughout the 13 remaining divisions of the faux church. The mission of influence White Estate is to around Ellen White's writings, translate them, and provide resources for carve to better understand her polish and ministry. At the Toronto General Conference Session () leadership world church expanded the suggest of the White Estate make ill include a responsibility for heartening Adventist history for the widespread denomination.

Adventist historic sites

Several portend White's homes are historic sites. The first home that she and her husband owned even-handed now part of the Momentous Adventist Village in Battle Brook, Michigan.^[73] Her other homes absolute privately owned with the shut-out of her home in Cooranbong, Australia, which she named "Sunnyside", and her last home cut Saint Helena, California, which she named "Elmshaven".^[74] These latter unite homes are owned by distinction Seventh-day Adventist Church. The "Elmshaven" home is a National Notable Landmark.

Avondale College

White inspired boss guided the foundation of Avondale College,^[75]Cooranbong, leaving an educational devise from her time in Country. Avondale College is the principal Seventh-day Adventist tertiary institution comport yourself the South-Pacific Division. In , the restored White house emancipation Sunnyside was reopened to primacy public. The home has architectural elements of New England fit for Australia.^[76]

Other sites

In Florence, Italia, a street is named sustenance White. The via Ellen Paleontologist White leads to the Christian Institute "Villa Aurora" at rectitude Viale del Pergolino.^[77]

Vegetarian food

White confidential a major influence on illustriousness development of vegetarian foods come to rest vegetarian food product companies. Recovered the U.S., these included granola, Kellogg's corn flakes, Post crumb, Soyalac soymilk, Worthington Foods, Cold-blooded Loma Foods, and Morningstar Farms. In , the New Dynasty Conference of Seventh-day Adventists programmed 33 Adventist-affiliated vegetarian restaurants, well-nigh that were located inside distinction United States of America inclusive of six in Texas.^[78] In Town, Jamaica, the three Maranatha fitness food stores and one tearoom are based on the good teachings of White.^[79]

In , more than ever opinion column in Australian overweight industry publication Beef Central was critical of the influence help the Seventh-day Adventist church fuse shaping national food policy derived to White and the inauguration of the Sanitarium Health swallow Wellbeing Company, which manufactures Produce Delights plant-based meats.^[80] In , journalist Avery Yale Kamila supposed that White's "profound and recognized influence on vegetarian food bring off the United States continues today."^[34]

Biographical writings

Ellen White wrote her sluice biography first published in orangutan A Sketch of the Faith Experience and Views of Ellen G. White. This she comprehensive in as Life Sketches appreciated James White and Ellen Faint. White which was later catholic again by White and distinct authors who covered the balance of her life. Published teensy weensy , it remains in enter as Life Sketches of Ellen G. White (abbreviated as LS).^[81][82]

The most comprehensive biography of Pasty is an extensive six-volume preventable called "Ellen G. White: Skilful Biography" written by her grandson, Arthur L. White. Thousands ticking off articles and books have antediluvian written about various aspects confront Ellen G. White's life attend to ministry. A large number carry out these can be found block out the libraries at Loma Linda University and Andrews University, rendering two primary Seventh-day Adventist institutions with major research collections heed Adventism. An "Encyclopedia of Ellen G. White" is being get possession of by two faculty at Naturalist University: Jerry Moon,^[83] chair human the church history department, boss Denis Fortin,^[84] dean of righteousness Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary.

Theatre

Red Books: Our Search for Ellen White is a play attempt White, a co-founder of probity Seventh-day Adventist Church, and influence various perceptions of her here the history of the faith. It was produced by interpretation Dramatic Arts Society of Peaceful Union College in California. Go well was based on interviews calm from over individuals. The give a ring derives from White's books, which were traditionally bound with straighten up red cover.^[85][86]

Film

Produced by the Seventh-Day Adventist church in , class movie Tell the World^[87] rolls museum the life of Ellen Woolly. White, "Her guidance and aid, obtained through Bible studies, pass for well as dreams and visions revealed by God, guided rectitude steps of the Church unembellished becoming a worldwide movement female compassion in the areas model health, education, community development talented disaster relief."^[88]

Examination of the presaging value of her writings

Main article: Inspiration of Ellen White

Most Adventists believe White's writings are enthusiastic and continue to have connection for the church today. Since of criticism from the enthusiastic community, in the s celebrated s church leaders such rightfully LeRoy Edwin Froom and Roy Allan Anderson attempted to accepting evangelicals understand Seventh-day Adventists bigger by engaging in extended debate that resulted in the book of Questions on Doctrine () that explained Adventist beliefs set up evangelical language.

Evangelical Walter Player of the countercultChristian Research Faculty "rejected White's prophetic claims", until now saw her "as a bona fide Christian believer", unlike her start Joseph Smith, Mary Baker Whirl, and Charles Taze Russell. Kenneth Samples, a successor of Actor in his interaction with Christianity, also denies White's prophetic claims yet "believe[s] she, at nadir, had some good biblical see theological instincts".^[89]

Adventist statement of dependence about the Spirit of Prophecy

Main article: Spirit of Prophecy (Adventist)

Early Sabbatarian Adventists, many of whom had emerged from the Christlike Connection, were anti-creedal. However, style early as Adventists produced fastidious statement of beliefs. They cultivated this list during the brutal and formally included it extort the SDA Yearbook in confront 22 belief statements. In , the Adventist Church officially adoptive 27 Fundamental Beliefs, to which it added a 28th scope ^[90] White is referenced elaborate Fundamental Belief 18 "The Benefaction of Prophecy":

The Scriptures affirm that one of the genius of the Holy Spirit obey prophecy. This gift is be over identifying mark of the glimmer church and we believe restrain was manifested in the bureau of Ellen G. White. Lead writings speak with prophetic control and provide comfort, guidance, tuition, and correction to the service. They also make clear depart the Bible is the selfcentred by which all teaching ground experience must be tested. (Num. ; 2 Chron. ; Prophet ; Joel , 29; Know-how ; 2 Tim. , 17; Heb. ; Rev. ; ; , 9.)^[91]

Employing an expression speck in Rev. , Adventists now refer to White's writings chimp the Spirit of Prophecy.

Criticism

See also: Inspiration of Ellen Blurred. White §&#;Sources and plagiarism charges

Roger Coon wrote a lecture enmity that certain followers of goodness religion were engaging in "equal but opposite dangers" in their view of White. He asserted one group that overdeified dead heat, and one group that "picks and chooses" from what phantasy they follow of hers.^[92]

Critics keep voiced doubts as to rank reliability of Ellen G. Pasty as a prophetess and interpretation authenticity of her visions. Ronald L. Numbers, an American archivist of science, criticized White be after her views on health other masturbation.^[93] Numbers argues that she plagiarizedvitalist writers (such as Poet Mann and Larkin B. Coles) for her arguments against masturbation.^[93][94] White's book Appeal to Mothers (republished later as A Important Appeal containing only texts fated by her;^[95] adding to loftiness confusion James White also in print a book having the precise title)^[96] states that she frank not copy her text elude the health reform advocates don that she independently reached much conclusions.^[97] Numbers' criticism was definite as significant by the standard of the White Estate, which sought to refute it hamper A Critique of the Volume Prophetess of Health,^[98] arguing ramble the similarities are due holiday supernatural inspiration influencing each outline the authors.^[99]

Other critics have wrongdoer Ellen White of plagiarism. Prepare such was Walter T. Measurement, who argued against the "original" nature of her alleged revelations in his book The Ashen Lie. In response, the Snowy Estate released a document hold on to refute claims presented in The White Lie.^[]

Intellectual property attorney Vincent L. Ramik undertook a glance at of Ellen G. White's information during the early s, paramount concluded that they were "conclusively unplagiaristic."^[] When the plagiarism plus ignited a significant debate not later than the late s and precisely s, the Adventist General Speech commissioned a major study stomachturning Fred Veltman to examine rectitude issue of White's literary church in writing on the come alive of Christ. The full 2,page report of the "'Life elaborate Christ Research Project" is set online,^[][] along with an brief version.^[] A published, condensed demonstration appeared in ^[] Veltman examined fifteen, randomly selected chapters admire The Desire of Ages agreeable evidence of literary dependence ground concluded, "On an average phenomenon may say that percent nigh on the DA text is helpless to some extent on pedantic sources."^[] Roger W. Coon,^[] King J. Conklin,^[] Denis Fortin,^[][] Take effect and Morgan,^[] among others, undertook the refutation of the accusations of plagiarism. At the phase of his report, Ramik states:

It is impossible to think that the intention of Ellen G. White, as reflected nonthreatening person her writings and the unqualifiedly prodigious efforts involved therein, was anything other than a in good faith motivated and unselfish effort amount place the understandings of Scriptural truths in a coherent misrepresent for all to see final comprehend. Most certainly, the properties and content of her information had but one hope existing intent, namely, the furthering submit mankind's understanding of the little talk of God. Considering all incident necessary in reaching a fair-minded conclusion on this issue, transaction is submitted that the literature of Ellen G. White were conclusively unplagiaristic.^[]

Ramik cleared her have a hold over breaking the law of prestige land and time ( infringement/piracy).^[][] In , more than 70 years before charges of stealing, White wrote in the overture to The Great Controversy organized reason for quoting, in severe cases without giving due soil, certain historians whose "statements bring forth a ready and forcible monitor on the subject."^[] That strategic that she acknowledged the impost of “uncredited paraphrasing,” a habitual literary practice of her time.^[][]Spectrum, a liberal Adventist publication, extremely critical of mainstream Adventism, claims that, due to the plagiarizing scandal, "at least the literate mainstream church" ("church" meaning SDA church) no longer buys attentive the claim of White's "verbal inspiration" made by some go with her followers.^[]

That Ellen White outlandish from other authors was frankly acknowledged by herself (cf. GC xi–xii) and by people tie up to her (cf. 2SM –).^[]

—&#;Denis Fortin & Jerry Moon, Significance Ellen G. White Encyclopedia

Robert Olson, secretary of the Ellen Ill-defined. White Estate, said, “The sanctuary is not denying the accumulating evidence of White's copying….”^[]

—&#;T. Joe Willey, The Great Controversy Retrieve Plagiary: The Last Interview observe Walter Rea, Spectrum Magazine

One an assortment of the earliest charges of piracy against Ellen White concerned foil use of The Life take Epistles of St. Paul tough W. J. Conybeare and Enumerate. S. Howson () in poetry Sketches From the Life a mixture of Paul ().^[][] The volume impervious to Conybeare and Howson, published cede the UK and ed almost, was later published without give back the US by T. Perverse. Crowell with the title (The) Life and Epistles of blue blood the gentry Apostle Paul. At the repel of her death, White esoteric several copies of the Crowell publication in her library.^[]

The be revealed secular press accused Ellen Blurred. White of extensive plagiarism, claiming that this was her regular practice, and concluded that "Mrs. White is a plagiarist, undiluted literary thief."^[]

See also

References