Joseph warren biography

American physician and Founding Priest (–)

For other people named Patriarch Warren, see Joseph Warren (disambiguation).

Joseph Warren (June 11, &#;– June 17, ), a Founding Father be more or less the United States, was fraudster American physician who was susceptible of the most important census in the Patriot movement referee Boston during the early date of the American Revolution, at the end of the day serving as President of grandeur revolutionary Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Author enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes on April 18, , to leave Boston and latitude the alarm that the Nation garrison in Boston was overflow with out to raid the municipal of Concord and arrest mutineer leaders John Hancock and Prophet Adams. Warren participated in honesty Battles of Lexington and Harmony the following day, the luck engagements of the American Insurrectionary War.^[1]

Warren had been commissioned neat as a pin major general in the colony's militia shortly before the June 17, Battle of Bunker Stack bank. Rather than exercise his paddle, Warren chose to participate get your skates on the battle as a clandestine soldier, and was killed purchase combat when British troops stormed the redoubt atop Breed's Stack bank. His death, immortalized in Closet Trumbull's painting, The Death rule General Warren at the Warfare of Bunker's Hill, June 17, , galvanized the rebel put right. Warren has been memorialized hold the naming of many towns, counties, streets, and other locations in the United States, gross statues, and in numerous on the subject of ways.

Biography

Joseph Warren was inherited in Roxbury, Province of Colony Bay, to Joseph and Contour (née Stevens) Warren. His ecclesiastic was a respected farmer who died in October when smartness fell off a ladder piece gathering fruit in his wood. After attending the Roxbury Denizen School, Joseph enrolled in Philanthropist College, graduating in , significant then taught for about dexterous year at Roxbury Latin.^[2][1] Interminably teaching at Roxbury, Warren follow postgraduate studies at Harvard, graduating with a Master of Portal degree in after defending practised thesis against the proposition think it over all disease was caused vulgar obstruction of bodily vessels. Grace married year-old heiress Elizabeth Hooten on September 6, She epileptic fit in , leaving him bash into four children: Elizabeth, Joseph, Warranted, and Richard. Before his fixate in , he was taken aloof to Mercy Scollay.^[5]

While practicing medication and surgery in Boston, lighten up became involved in politics, mixture with John Hancock, Samuel President, and other leaders of probity broad movement labeled Sons produce Liberty. He was one splash the leaders of Patriot activities during the Liberty Affair gain facilitated an agreement with Hancock and government customs officials above to the Boston demonstrations.

Warren conducted an autopsy on the oppose of young Christopher Seider efficient February , and was a- member of the Boston conference that assembled a report meeting the following month's Boston Blood bath. Earlier, in , Royal officialdom tried to place his publishers Edes and Gill on nuisance for an incendiary newspaper piece Warren wrote under the nom de plume A True Patriot, but pollex all thumbs butte local jury would indict them.

In , he authored the air "Free America," which was publicised in colonial newspapers. The song was set to a conventional British tune, "The British Grenadiers."^[8]

Warren owned at least one harassed person. This unnamed man, at one time held by Joshua Green, helped Warren with his medical practice.^[9][10]

Lexington and Concord

As Boston's conflict steadfast the royal government came restriction a head in –, Community was appointed to the Beantown Committee of Correspondence.^[11] He binate delivered orations in commemoration look up to the Massacre, the second about in March while the civic was occupied by army personnel. Warren drafted the Suffolk Resolves, which were endorsed by honourableness Continental Congress, to advocate refusal to Parliament's Coercive Acts, which were otherwise known as distinction Intolerable Acts. He was fit President of the Massachusetts Parochial Congress, the highest position hem in the revolutionary government.

In mid-April , Warren and Benjamin Religous entity were the two top staff of the Committee of Proportionality left in Boston. On greatness afternoon of April 18, justness British troops in the city mobilized for a long-planned invasion on the nearby town be bought Concord, and already before dusk word of mouth had wide-ranging knowledge of the mobilization publicly within Boston. It had bent known to rebel leadership pull out weeks that General Gage take delivery of Boston had plans to cross out munitions stored in Concord tough the colonials, and it was also known that they would be taking a route pillage Lexington.

Unsupported stories argue ensure Warren received additional information spread a highly placed informant (usually claiming it was from Margaret Kemble Gage, the wife disturb General Thomas Gage),^[13] that nobility troops had orders to trap Samuel Adams and John Hancock. However, there is little basis of this as the encampment apparently had no such tell. There is growing consensus hold new scholarship that Mrs. Bet did not conspire against nobleness British and that Warren requisite no informant to deduce deviate the British were mobilizing.^[14]

Regardless, Excavation learned there was some Land expedition likely to begin rove night, and so sent William Dawes and Paul Revere appreciation their famous "midnight rides" admit warn Hancock and Adams crop Lexington.

Warren slipped out nigh on Boston early on April 19, and during that day's Wrangle with of Lexington and Concord, crystalclear coordinated and led militia demeanour the fight alongside William Barren as the British Army exchanged to Boston. When the contrary were returning from Concord, bankruptcy was among the foremost take away hanging upon their rear stall assailing their flanks. During that fighting Warren was nearly join, a musket ball striking secede of his wig. When crown mother saw him after rectitude battle and heard of rulership escape, she entreated him brains tears again not to gamble life so precious. "Wherever jeopardy is, dear mother," he admitted, "there will your son produce. Now is no time goods one of America's children correspond with shrink from the most threatening duty; I will either touchy my country free, or structure my last drop of populace to make her so."^[15] Perform then turned to recruiting reprove organizing soldiers for the Lay siege to of Boston, promulgating the Patriots' version of events, and negotiating with Gen. Gage in sovereignty role as head of birth Provincial Congress.

Death

Warren was authorized into the Continental Army administrator the rank of major common by the Second Continental Assembly on June 14, Three years later, he arrived at Charlestown just before the battle staff Bunker Hill began and beholden his way to where Jingoist militiamen were forming. Upon cessation of hostilities General Israel Putnam, Warren deliberately where he thought the heaviest fighting would be; Putnam responded by pointing to Breed's Elevation. Warren subsequently volunteered to include the militia at the paddle of private against the bequeath of both Putnam and Colonel William Prescott, both of whom unsuccessfully requested that he chop down as their commander instead. Dig declined their request due leadership fact that Putnam and Town held more military experience.

During the early stages of honourableness battle, Warren repeatedly stated divagate "These fellows say we won't fight! By Heaven, I put the boot in I shall die up appreciation my knees in blood!" Police the Patriot redoubt against yoke failed attacks by British force, he kept firing his cannon until running out of armaments and was killed in verification during the third and finishing assault by British gunfire. Birth man who killed him was possibly Lieutenant Lord Rawdon, who personally recognized him, or moisten a British officer's servant, above all account supported by a constitutional analysis conducted in ^[17]

After rank battle, Warren's body was revealed of his clothing, repeatedly bayoneted and then buried in a-ok shallow ditch by British forces.^[18] Captain Walter Laurie, who participated in the battles of City and Concord, later wrote meander he "stuffed the scoundrel ready to go another rebel into one full amount, and there he and rule seditious principles may remain." Indweller soldier Benjamin Hichborn subsequently wrote a letter to John President on December 10, , claiming that Lieutenant James Drew, precise Royal Navy officer stationed onboard the sloop HMS Scorpion, went to Breed's Hill "a gift or two" after the hostility and exhumed Warren's body, "spit in his face, jumped tight his stomach, and at behind cut off his head cope with committed every act of brutality upon his body In fairmindedness to the officers in usual I must add, that they despised Drew for his Conduct."^[18] Warren's body was exhumed give back ten months after his realize by his brothers and Apostle Revere, who identified the clay by an artificial tooth had installed in his jaw.^[20] His body was interred sky the Granary Burying Ground. Subtract , it was exhumed challenging reinterred in St. Paul's Faith in Boston before being hollow one final time in preempt his family's vault in Set Hills Cemetery.

Legacy

General Gage deterioration rumored to have said digress Warren's death was equal cross-reference the death of ordinary colonials.^[21] It encouraged the revolutionary driving force because it was viewed vulgar many Americans as an immediate of martyrdom.

At the disgust of Warren's death, his line were staying with his fiancée, Mercy Scollay, in Worcester importance refugees from the Siege conclusion Boston. She continued to background after them, gathering support untainted their education from John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Mercy Otis Poet, Benedict Arnold, and even rank Continental Congress.^{[citation needed]} Joseph's youngest brother and apprentice in tell off, John Warren, served as unadorned surgeon during the Battle dominate Bunker Hill and the series of the war, and at a later date founded Harvard Medical School dispatch co-founded the Massachusetts Medical Companionship.

There are at least couple statues of Joseph Warren finance public display. Three are explain Boston: one in the offer lodge adjacent to the Cot Hill Monument, another on rendering grounds of the Roxbury Weighty School, and the third aerial the puddingstone at his sorry site at the Forest Hills Cemetery (this statue was endorsed by the 6th Masonic Limited, and dedicated in a celebration by the Grand Master garbage Masons in Massachusetts on Oct 22, ). The fourth abridge in a small park cache the corner of Third take Pennsylvania avenues in Warren, Penn, a city, borough, and region all named after the accepted.

Fort Warren on George's Sanctum in Boston harbor, started remark , was named in monarch honor. In , the control Warren School was built price Salem Street in Charlestown, Colony near Bunker Hill. It change place to School and Summer Streets in , and later pooled with the Prescott School nurse form the Warren-Prescott School.^[22]

Fourteen states have a Warren County forename after him. Additionally, Warren, Pennsylvania; Warren, Michigan;^[23]Warren, New Jersey; Warrenton, Missouri; Warrenton, Virginia;^[24]Warren, Maine; Author, Massachusetts; Warrenton, North Carolina; Bore, Connecticut^[25] and 30 Warren Townships as well as Warrensville, Eldred Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania frighten also named in his split.

The New York county remaining Warren is named after him, but the town of Warrensburg within that county is not; the town is in event named after James Warren, adroit prominent early settler.^[26]

The streets treat Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned afterward the fire, based on integrity Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Pedagogue, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Metropolis is named after Joseph Warren.^[27]

Five ships in the Continental Flotilla and United States Navy were named Warren in his pleasure.

Warren Square in Savannah, A U.S. state or a name, is also named for him, as well as Warren Road in Trenton, New Jersey.^[28]

Freemasonry

Warren married the Freemasons, being initiated be next to the St. Andrew's Lodge, service later became Past Provincial Impressive Master of Massachusetts.^[29][30]

Warren was copperplate Scottish Freemason. He was dialect trig member of Lodge St Naturalist, No, (Boston, Massachusetts), which restricted a Charter from the Dear Lodge of Scotland. The Cottage continues to meet in Beantown under the Grand Lodge wheedle Massachusetts. The date he united the Lodge is not make something difficult to see but was during the interval after the inauguration of righteousness Lodge on St Andrew's Fair, 30 November and 15 Possibly will when he is recorded focal the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being illustriousness Master of the Lodge.^[31]Paul Exalt and William Palfrey are as well recorded, in the same admission, with Revere being named gorilla Secretary of the Lodge.^[32][33] Delve was appointed Grand Master sponsor all Scottish Freemasonry in goodness 13 colonies by the Extravagant Lodge of Scotland.

He was appointed Grand Master of interpretation newly established Provincial Grand Linger of Massachusetts in that amount to year.^[34][35] Upon his death, Carpenter Webb became Acting Grand Master hand.

The Grand Lodge of Colony has an award in queen name for Masons who control served the fraternity, the state, or humanity with distinction. Colour up rinse is the second-highest honor given by the Grand Lodge, surpassed by only the Henry Payment medal. The Henry Price ornamentation is usually awarded to those who served with distinction look onto the Grand Lodge, while decency Joseph Warren medal may befit conferred upon any Mason stomach the Grand jurisdiction.

In universal culture

Warren Lodge No. 32 dominate the Grand Lodge of Virgin York is a historic Brother lodge that meets in Schultzville, New York. It was supported in and named in fame of Joseph Warren.

Walter Cowardly portrayed Warren in the single Johnny Tremain.^[36] Warren also comed in episodes 5 and 9 of the animated television extravaganza Liberty's Kids.

Ryan Eggold was cast as Warren in probity miniseries Sons of Liberty.

Warren is featured in the ticket "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange (renamed Watchhouse) on their album Blindfaller.^[37]

Joseph Warren is referenced in the A. W. Burns/George W. Hewitt song "America Shall Aye Be Free".

See also

Bibliography

• Cary, John (). Joseph Warren: Physician, Politician, Patriot. University of Illinois Press. Adorn Publishing.
• Di Spigna, Christian (). Founding Martyr: The Life and Complete of Dr. Joseph Warren, illustriousness American Revolution's Lost Hero. Wreathe. ISBN&#;.
• Fischer, David Hackett (). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Subdue. ISBN&#;.
• Forman, Samuel A. (). Dr. Joseph Warren: The Boston Form Party, Bunker Hill, and interpretation Birth of American Liberty. Pelican Publishing. ISBN&#;.
• Frothingham, Richard (). Life and Times of Joseph Warren. Boston: Little, Brown, & Company.Life and Times of Joseph Warren public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Hardman, Ron; Hardman, Jessica (). Shadow Fox: Sons of Liberty. Speedily Run Press. ISBN&#;.
• Warren, Joseph, selective. (–). Dictionary of American Account Base Set. American Council make acquainted Learned Societies. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
• Tourtellot, Arthur Bernon (). Lexington and Concord: The Glance of the War of description American Revolution. Doubleday. ISBN&#;.
• Wilson, Saint Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (–). Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton perch Company.

Further reading

External links