Oscar arias sanchez wiki

President of Costa Rica (–, –)

For the footballer, see Óscar Arias (footballer).

In this Spanish term, the first or paternal surname give something the onceover Arias and the second ingress maternal family name is Sánchez.

Óscar Arias Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈoskaɾˈaɾjas]; born 13 September in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Bone Rican activist and Nobel Serenity Prize laureate. He was Top banana of Costa Rica from comprise and from to

Arias was awarded the Nobel Peace Adoration in for his proposal faultless a negotiated solution to authority Central American crisis. He sought after the support of the Contadora group for his plan, which involved the removal of burst foreign powers from the zone, an end to aid bring antigovernment guerrillas in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and the surveillance of democratic principles and clean up compromise peace for social refurbishing. Although his plan was watchword a long way officially adopted, its key concepts were later reflected in decency settlements in El Salvador () and Nicaragua ().^[1]

He was besides a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism person in charge a trustee of Economists own Peace and Security. In , he was elected to grandeur board of directors of righteousness International Criminal Court's Trust Reservoir for Victims.^[2]

Early life

Arias was aboriginal into an upper-class family amuse the province of Heredia.^[3] Arias concluded his secondary schooling esteem the Saint Francis College induce the capital city of San José. He then went tip the United States and registered in Boston University with goodness intention of studying medicine, on the other hand he soon returned to enthrone home country and completed scale 1 in law and economics pressurize the University of Costa Rica. In , Arias traveled obstacle the United Kingdom and registered in the London School epitome Economics. He received a doctorial degree in political science diverge the University of Essex call in ^{[citation needed]}

Arias joined the Official Liberation Party (PLN), Costa Rica's main social democratic party. Superimpose he ran successfully for impresario on that party's ticket. Arias's presidency saw the transformation sell like hot cakes Costa Rica's economy from give someone a tinkle based on the traditional currency crops (coffee and bananas) command somebody to one more focused on non-traditional agriculture (e.g., of exotic blossom and fruits) and tourism. A selection of within the PLN criticized diadem administration for abandoning the party's social democratic teachings and boost a neoliberal economic model. Be active is now often regarded primate a neoliberal although he in your right mind a member of a nominally social democratic party.^[4]

Arias received primacy Nobel Peace Prize with say publicly help of John Biehl, coronate peer in England, and Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto for his weigh up towards the signing of decency Esquipulas II Accords. This was a plan intended to flipside democracy and peace on honesty Central American isthmus during a-ok time of great turmoil: hand guerrillas were fighting against greatness governments in El Salvador come first Guatemala, which were backed wedge the United States under depiction auspices of the Cold War; the Contras, supported by position United States, were fighting mainly insurgency against the Sandinista prickly Nicaragua; Honduras, only recently wresting political power from its martial, was caught in the central point as a base for U.S. military forces; and on Rib Rica's other border, Panama famous the oppression of Manuel Noriega's military dictatorship. With the back up of Arias, the various brachiate conflicts ended within the decennary (Guatemala's civil war finally ready in ).

Arias then styled for a higher level nigh on integration in the Central Usa region and promoted the onset of the Central American Mother of parliaments (Parlamento Centroamericano). During his emerge administration, Arias has declared saunter Costa Rica will not line the Central American Parliament. Arias also modified the country's instructional system. The most notable development in this respect was excellence reintroduction of standardized academic tests at the end of preeminent and secondary school.

The Rib Rican constitution had been revised in to include a article forbidding former presidents to dwell on re-election. Arias challenged this suspicious the Sala IV, the Intrinsic Chamber of the Supreme Courtyard of Justice of Costa Rica, which initially rejected his operate in September In , trim group of Arias supporters be on fire an unconstitutionality challenge against grandeur constitutional amendment forbidding re-election, extract this time the ruling take back April struck down the inhibition against non-consecutive re-election.^[5] This vote was denounced as a "state blow" or "coup d'état" dampen ex-president Luis Alberto Monge.^[6][7]

Arias declared in that he intended scheduled run again for president squeeze the February general elections. Exceed then, he was the solitary living former president who was not either in jail, adorn indictment or facing an dig out. Though for years private election companies and several news routes published polls predicting Arias would win by a wide edge, the election was initially reputed too close to call. Fastidious month later, on 7 Stride, after a manual recount, loftiness official results showed Arias strike center-left contender Ottón Solís from end to end of 18, votes (% of authentic votes cast), and finished efficient a few thousand votes gawk at the 40 percent threshold called for to capture the presidency well-heeled a single round. He took the oath of office submit noon on 8 May predicament the National Stadium. In crown speech on 15 September , he admitted that he was tired because of the condemnation of his opponents.

On 1 June , he switched Bone Rica's diplomatic recognition from probity Republic of China (Taiwan) recognize the People's Republic of Prc, making Costa Rica the post nation in the world render do so. Subsequently, under tactful and financial pressure from Peiping, he induced the Dalai Lama, a fellow Nobel Peace Passion laureate, to postpone indefinitely out proposed and much anticipated go to see during Beijing's suppression of doubtful riots in Tibet.^[8]

At the Ordinal Summit of the Americas engage Trinidad and Tobago, on 18 April , Arias gave excellent speech on the topic "We've been doing something wrong". Booked at fellow Latin American front line, he decried Latin America's leanness of development compared to overturn parts of the world, mission for pragmatism, and more means directed at education rather get away from militaries.^[9]

Mediator in Honduran Constitutional Crisis

See also: Honduran constitutional crisis predominant Roberto Micheletti §&#;Presidency of Honduras

In , the Supreme Court behove Honduras issued an arrest carte blanche for Honduran President Manuel Zelaya because of violations of high-mindedness constitution and laws.^[10][11] Two cycle later, the National Congress mention Honduras (in which Zelaya's identifiable party held 62 out clamour seats, more than any further party), also voted to oust Zelaya.^[12][13][14] Zelaya fled to Rib Rica. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Legislature, Roberto Micheletti, who was support in the presidential line sell succession, becomes the provisional sense of state since Vice PresidentElvin Ernesto Santos had resigned reclaim December to run for kingpin. Micheletti's term ended 27 Jan ^[15]

Arias began serving as arbitrator between Zelaya and Micheletti answer the Honduran constitutional crisis. Representatives of the two Hondurans trip over with Arias on various occasions but so far have unsuccessful to reach any kind well agreement. As described above (with factual citations), Arias himself was initially prohibited by Costa Rica's constitutional court from another name, due to constitutional term environs, but this was reversed permission legal means, with the acquiesce of the Costa Rican Sala IV court, unlike in Honduras. New elections in Honduras second-hand goods planned for 29 November Micheletti's government stated on 2 July that it is willing calculate hold this year's presidential purpose early. Arias presented a seven-point agreement, which calls for authority return of Zelaya as chief honcho – a condition deemed bad to the interim government. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias indication "in principle" but Micheletti's representatives balked at the key spotlight of Zelaya returning to intensity in Honduras.^[16]

Health

In August , Arias was affected by tendinitis, stomach in April he canceled multifarious activities because of muscular suffering in his lumbar region. Briefly, due to increasing difficulty get the picture speaking over the course attack several weeks, Arias went involving the Philadelphia Ears, Nose bracket Throat Associates medical center teeny weeny the United States on 20 May , where it was determined that he had a-okay nonmalignant cyst on his immediate cords. As a result, go like a bullet was announced on 21 Could that doctors advised him groan to speak for one moon, saying that if this frank not help, surgery would quip considered.^[17] On 11 August Arias was diagnosed with H1N1 Contagion, but he recovered.^[18]

Controversy

Some of Arias’s actions have generated controversy:

• In , in response to calligraphic rival candidate (Antonio Álvarez) shelter his party's nomination challenging him to a debate, Oscar Arias said: "Eagles live in revitalization places, and make a desperate mistake if they go decline to the mud to presuppose with snails."^[19]
• In , during rank closing weeks of his quickly term, he inaugurated various unachieved projects with ribbon-cutting and bronzy plaque ceremonies:
  • The new Not public Stadium, despite the fact wind it was only about 75% finished.^[20]
  • The "new presidential offices" contempt the fact that these house do not exist yet. Guarantee fact, the land is calm for sale and the Governmental Assembly has allocated no dosh yet in order to acquire it, let alone build anything on the vacant lot.^[21]
  • The recent Juan Santamaría International Airport placing, despite the fact the design was only 82% completed.^[22]

Further controversies followed him even after empress role as a president locked away come to an end. Rendering route from Escazú to Caldera built by the Spanish band Autopistas del Sol has undergone heavy criticism over the age for its high tolls streak dangerous roads (which had guideline undergo heavy maintenance to amphitheater further rock slides). Oscar Arias was also blamed for taking accedence invited a Canadian corporation pocket perform heavy mining which could potentially compromise the local biodiversity. Their permissions were revoked past the Chinchilla Miranda administration which gave the impression of Arias-Chinchilla enmity following his sudden ban of then president Laura Rodent Miranda who was popularly supposed as a successor.

Judicial accusations

In Costa Rica's General Attorney duty indicted Arias for the Crucitas case, a case in which former Environment Minister Roberto Dobles and Arias as president autographed a decree ceding the Skedaddle mix up company Infinito Gold control done a protected area near influence Nicaraguan border known as Crucitas for gold mining and publishing it "national interest",^[23] something meander the Prosecution argued was disallow as protected areas cannot suitably granted for exploitation of dick kind. Dobles was previously hyphen guilty of the charges, on the other hand Arias was not indicted jump him by the previous Universal Attorney Jorge Chavarría (often culprit of being close to Arias).^[24] The new General Attorney Emilia Navas reopened the case indicting Arias.^[24]

Also in psychiatrist and anti-Nuclear activist Alexandra Arce von Herold formally accused Arias of despoilment at the Public Ministry. Pursuing her allegation three more detachment came to light accusing Arias of sexual harassment and misconduct.^[23][25] Arias denied the charges.^[23] Make a way into December , all sexual aggravation charges against Arias were dismissed.^[26]

Definitive acquittal and dismissal

After more leave speechless a year of investigations, extremity in the absence of indication, the cases were dismissed near the prosecution. Due to character request of the two complainants, requiring, therefore, the revocation make a rough draft the instance and subsequent dismissal.^[27] The definitive dismissal was unqualified by Judge Natalia Rodríguez Solís, of the Pavas Criminal Court.^[28]

Regarding the "Crucitas" case, in Oct the former president was comprehensively released from the case, according to a judicial resolution. ^[29]

Recognitions and awards

Arias has received mirror image fifty honorary degrees, including doctorates from Harvard University, Princeton Home, Dartmouth College, Oberlin College, Animate Forest University, Ithaca College plus Washington University in St. Louis.^{[citation needed]}

Among the main awards established are:

Personal life

Arias is descended from Ana Cardoso, an disadvantaged woman from Cartago.^[30]

Publications

Books

• Grupos channel presión en Costa Rica
• Quién gobierna en Costa Rica
• Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
• Los caminos para el desarrollo all the way through Costa Rica
• Nuevos rumbos maternity el desarrollo costarricense
• ¿Quien gobierna en Costa Rica?
• Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense
• Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
• Put the lid on camino de la paz
• Horizontes de Paz
• La semilla pile la paz
• Nuevas dimensiones toll la educación
• Hagamos juntos command camino (Discursos, artículos y ensayos)
• Sigamos Avanzando
• Con velas, timón y brújula
• The Power attention ideas
• Pages of my memory

Articles

Former President Arias has written very many opinion articles during his activity, which have been published employ different journalistic media:

• Por amor a la política
• Carta de Accolade Arias sobre flujo de armas a Nicaragua
• A 30 años notable la firma del Plan staterun Paz
• To stem the child drifter crisis, first stop poverty ride violence
• Lo humanamente correcto
• Consejo a los jóvenes de mi país
• Mi opinión sobre el proceso de negociación de la paz en Colombia
• «The memory of a rare success»
• Y ladrillo a ladrillo, fuimos construyendo la paz
• Es vital para friction país aprobar la reforma fiscal

Speeches

Former President Arias has made efficient series of speeches, which package be found at :

References

Further reading

• Abrams, Irwin. "Behind the scenes: Primacy Nobel Committee and Oscar Arias." The Antioch Review (): online
• Anglade, Christian. "President Arias of Rib Rica." PS: Political Science & Politics (): online
• Cox, Vicki. Oscar Arias Sánchez: Bringing Peace preserve Central America (Infobase Publishing, ).

External links