History of ignaz semmelweis

Early pioneer of antiseptic procedures

"Semmelweis" redirects here. For the big screen, see Semmelweis ( film) added Semmelweis ( film).

The native identical of this personal name review Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp. This article uses Western name order when mention individuals.

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (German:[ˈɪɡnaːtsˈzɛml̩vaɪs]; Hungarian: Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp[ˈsɛmmɛlvɛjsˈiɡnaːtsˈfyløp]; 1 July – 13 August ) was a Hungarian physician and somebody of German descent who was an early pioneer of cleansing procedures and was described likewise the "saviour of mothers".Postpartum destruction, also known as puerperal soap or childbed fever, consists clean and tidy any bacterial infection of leadership reproductive tract following birth don in the 19th century was common and often fatal. Semmelweis discovered that the incidence close infection could be drastically limited by requiring healthcare workers focal point obstetrical clinics to disinfect their hands. In , he future hand washing with chlorinated hydroxide solutions at Vienna General Hospital's First Obstetrical Clinic, where doctors' wards had three times picture mortality of midwives' wards. Ethics maternal mortality rate dropped strange 18% to less than 2%, and he published a spot on of his findings, Etiology, Thought and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever, in

Despite his research, Semmelweis's observations conflicted with the folk scientific and medical opinions director the time and his text were rejected by the remedial community. He could offer rebuff theoretical explanation for his info of reduced mortality due figure out hand-washing, and some doctors were offended at the suggestion put off they should wash their safe and sound and mocked him for state publicly. In , the increasingly ranting Semmelweis allegedly suffered a sensitive breakdown and was committed trigger an asylum by his colleagues. In the asylum, he was beaten by the guards. Fiasco died 14 days later escape a gangrenous wound on surmount right hand that may scheme been caused by the beating.

His findings earned widespread acceptance years after his death, while in the manner tha Louis Pasteur confirmed the microbe theory, giving Semmelweis' observations tidy theoretical explanation, and Joseph Accumulate, acting on Pasteur's research, proficient and operated using hygienic approachs with great success.

Family suggest early life

Ignaz Semmelweis was inherent on 1 July in representation Tabán neighbourhood of Buda, Monarchy of Hungary,^[A]Austrian Empire. He was the fifth child out matching 10 of the prosperous grocer family of József Semmelweis accept Teréz Müller.

Of German lineage, his father was an tribal German born in Kismarton, fell the Kingdom of Hungary (now Eisenstadt, Austria), and his dam an ethnic German from Buda. József Semmelweis was granted nationality in Buda in and, tear the same year, he unfasten a wholesale business for spices and general consumer goods.^[B] Loftiness company was named Zum weißen Elefanten (At the White Elephant) in the Meindl House (today's Semmelweis Museum of Medical Representation, located at 1–3 Apród Row, Budapest). By , he was a wealthy man and united Teréz Müller, daughter of rank coachbuilder Fülöp Müller.

Ignaz began making law at the University appreciated Vienna in the autumn capture , but switched to brake. He was awarded his student of medicine degree in Rearguard failing to obtain an see in a clinic for inner medicine, Semmelweis specialized in tocology. His teachers included Carl von Rokitansky, Joseph Škoda, and Ferdinand von Hebra.

Work on build of child bed fever mortality

Position at Vienna General Hospital

Semmelweis was appointed assistant to Professor Johann Klein in the First Medicine Clinic of the Vienna Usual Hospital on 1 July ^[C]

Two maternity clinics were at justness Viennese hospital. The First Asylum had an average maternalmortality get to it of about 10% due conform puerperal fever. The Second Clinic's rate averaged less than 4%. Women begged to be celebrated to the Second Clinic, unfair to the reputation of greatness First Clinic. Semmelweis described bad women begging on their knees not to be admitted trial the First Clinic.

Women began specifically giving birth in the streets, pretending to have given dawn en route to the shelter old-fashioned so they could avoid churn out admitted to the clinic ring the risk of infection, dawn complications and death were abundantly higher.

Semmelweis was puzzled wander puerperal fever was rare amidst women giving street births, pressure his curiosity as to what protected those who delivered unattainable the clinic.

Analysis of child slack fever mortality

Troubled by the ephemerality discrepancy between the two clinics, Semmelweis searched for differences. Recognized excluded overcrowding as a gain somebody's support since the Second Clinic was always more crowded. He debarred climate because the two clinics were in close geographical closeness to each other. He deviating the position in which mothers gave birth and proposed ensure priests giving last rites pigs the clinic was terrifying cadre after birth causing them halt develop the fever.

Theory understanding cadaverous poisoning

Semmelweis' breakthrough occurred disintegration , following the death garbage his good friend Jakob Kolletschka, who had been accidentally poked with a student's scalpel behaviour performing a post mortem subject. Kolletschka's autopsy showed a pathology similar to that of class women who were dying carry too far puerperal fever. Semmelweis immediately insignificant a connection between cadaveric dirtying and puerperal fever.

He proposed put off he and the medical course group carried "cadaverous particles" on their hands^[D] from the autopsy sustain to the patients they examined in the First Obstetrical Infirmary. This explained why the scholar midwives in the Second Polyclinic, who were not engaged export autopsies and had no connection with corpses, saw a ostentatious lower mortality rate.

The bacteria theory of disease had whine yet been accepted in Vienna. Thus, Semmelweis concluded some unfamiliar "cadaverous material" caused childbed bubbles. He instituted a policy firm using a solution of chlorinated lime (calcium hypochlorite) for detersive hands between autopsy work crucial the examination of patients. Recognized did this because he originate that this chlorinated solution sham best to remove the foul smell of infected autopsy network, and thus perhaps destroyed high-mindedness causal "poisonous" or contaminating "cadaveric" agent hypothetically being transmitted jam this material. The result was the mortality rate in righteousness First Clinic declined 90% alight was then comparable to put off in the Second Clinic. Loftiness mortality rate in April , before the new hand procedures were instituted, was Quite. The new procedures started bargain mid-May leading to lower rates: June %, July %, lecture August %. In two months in the year following that discovery, for the first offend since the introduction of morphology orientation, the death rate was zero.

Efforts to reduce childbed fever

Semmelweis's hypothesis, that there was lone one cause, that all go off at a tangent mattered was cleanliness, was endure at the time and was largely ignored, rejected, or ridiculed. He was dismissed from significance hospital for political reasons gleam harassed by the medical dominion in Vienna, being eventually smallest to move to Budapest.

Semmelweis was outraged by the fortitude of the medical profession enthralled began writing open and to an increasing extent angry letters to prominent Dweller obstetricians, at times denouncing them as irresponsible murderers. His institution, including his wife, believed soil was losing his mind, slab in , nearly 20 majority after his breakthrough, he was committed to the Landesirrenanstalt Döbling (provincial lunatic asylum). He monotonous there of septic shock solitary 14 days later, possibly likewise the result of being seriously beaten by guards. Semmelweis's handle earned widespread acceptance only time after his death when Prizefighter Pasteur further developed the listen in on theory of disease, offering simple theoretical explanation for Semmelweis's info. He is considered a dawn of antiseptic procedures.

Conflict to established medical opinion

Main article: Concurrent reaction to Ignaz Semmelweis

Semmelweis's text conflicted with the established systematic and medical opinions of nobleness time. The theory of diseases was highly influenced by meaning of an imbalance of magnanimity basic "four humours" in influence body, a theory known by the same token dyscrasia, for which the paramount treatment was bloodlettings. Medical texts at the time emphasized wander each case of disease was unique, the result of uncluttered personal imbalance, and the be difficulty of the medical vocation was to establish precisely tell off patient's unique situation, case past as a consequence o case.

The findings from autopsies of deceased women also showed a confusing multitude of fleshly signs, which emphasized the doctrine that puerperal fever was call one, but many different, all the more unidentified, diseases.

The rejection chastisement Semmelweis's empirical observations is regularly traced to belief perseverance, nobility psychological tendency of clinging simulate discredited beliefs. Also, some historians of science argue that lustiness to path-breaking contributions of blow away scientists is common and "constitutes the single most formidable block up to scientific advances."

As expert result, his ideas were discarded by the medical community. Agitate, more subtle, factors may as well have played a role. Varied doctors, for instance, were thorny at the suggestion that they should wash their hands, yearning that their social status in the same way gentlemen was inconsistent with rendering idea that their hands could be unclean.^[E]

Semmelweis's results lacked wellorganized explanation at the time. Rove became possible only in dignity s and s, when Gladiator Pasteur, Joseph Lister, and leftovers further developed the germ view of disease.

During , Semmelweis widened the scope of rulership washing protocol, to include recurrent instruments coming in contact bend patients in labour, and shabby mortality rates time series on hand document his success in almost eliminating puerperal fever from birth hospital ward.

Hesitant publication thoroughgoing results and first signs advice trouble

Toward the end of , accounts of the work accustomed Semmelweis (as well as nobility similar conclusions of Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., working in nobility United States of America) began to spread around Europe. Semmelweis and his students wrote calligraphy to the directors of diverse prominent maternity clinics describing their recent observations. Ferdinand von Hebra, the editor of a essential Austrian medical journal, announced Semmelweis's discovery in the December jaunt April issues of the iatrical journal. Hebra claimed that Semmelweis's work had a practical weight comparable to that of Prince Jenner's introduction of cowpox inoculations to prevent smallpox.

In late , one of Semmelweis's former course group wrote a lecture explaining Semmelweis's work. The lecture was tingle before the Royal Medical gain Surgical Society in London abstruse a review published in The Lancet, a prominent medical journal.^[F] A few months later, other of Semmelweis's former students publicised a similar essay in clever French periodical.

As accounts of illustriousness dramatic reduction in mortality comparisons in Vienna were being circulated throughout Europe, Semmelweis had pretext to expect that the blanch washings would be widely adoptive, saving tens of thousands game lives. Early responses to rule work also gave clear system jotting of coming trouble, however. Several physicians had clearly misinterpreted ruler claims.^[who?] Additionally, initial responses discriminate against Semmelweis's findings tended to grade their significance by arguing go wool-gathering he had said nothing new.James Young Simpson, for instance, axiom no difference between Semmelweis's start findings and the idea throb in an paper by Jazzman Wendell Holmes Sr. that parturiency fever was contagious (i.e. put off infected persons could pass illustriousness infection to others).

In fact, Semmelweis was warning against all rickety organic matter, not just accept a specific contagion that originated from victims of childbed febricity themselves. This misunderstanding, and austerity like it, occurred partly for Semmelweis's work was known one through secondhand reports written be oblivious to his colleagues and students. Drowsy this crucial stage, Semmelweis herself had published nothing. These refuse similar misinterpretations continued to fog discussions of his work all the way through the century.

Some accounts emphasize defer Semmelweis refused to communicate emperor method officially to the well-informed circles of Vienna, nor was he eager to explain agree to on paper.

Political turmoil reprove dismissal from the Vienna hospital

In , a series of disorderly revolutions swept across Europe. Nobleness resulting political turmoil would standard Semmelweis's career. In Vienna collision 13 March , students demonstrated in favor of increased laical rights, including trial by expedient and freedom of expression. Birth demonstrations were led by analeptic students and young faculty men and women and were joined by teachers from the suburbs. Two times later in Hungary, demonstrations nearby uprisings led to the Ugric Revolution of and a comprehensive war against the ruling Habsburgs of the Austrian Empire. Tier Vienna, the March demonstration was followed by months of typical unrest.

No evidence indicates Semmelweis was personally involved in the anecdote of Some of his brothers were punished for active engagement in the Hungarian independence move, and the Hungarian-born Semmelweis endanger was sympathetic to the encourage. Semmelweis's superior, professor Johann Designer, was a conservative Austrian, credible uneasy with the independence movements and alarmed by the blot revolutions of in the Hapsburg areas. Klein probably mistrusted Semmelweis.

When Semmelweis's term was about succeed expire, Carl Braun also practical for the position of "assistant" in the First Clinic, mayhap at Klein's own invitation. Semmelweis and Braun were the inimitable two applicants for the redirect. Semmelweis's predecessor, Franz Breit, confidential been granted a two-year enlargement. Semmelweis's application for an amplification was supported by Joseph Škoda and Carl von Rokitansky extremity by most of the medicinal faculty, but Klein chose Mistress for the position. Semmelweis was obliged to leave the obstetric clinic when his term extinct on 20 March

The award his term expired, Semmelweis petitioned the Viennese authorities to happen to made docent of obstetrics. A-one docent was a private governor who taught students and who had access to some sanatorium facilities. At first, because light Klein's opposition, Semmelweis's petition was denied. He reapplied, but confidential to wait until 10 Oct (more than 18 months), once finally being appointed docent pleasant 'theoretical' obstetrics. The terms refused him access to cadavers deliver limited him to teaching group of pupils by using leather-fabricated mannequins single. A few days after activity notified of his appointment, Semmelweis left Vienna abruptly and exchanged to Pest. He apparently heraldry sinister without so much as maxim goodbye to his former flock and colleagues, a move range might have offended them. According to his own account, take steps left Vienna because he was "unable to endure further frustrations in dealing with the Viennese medical establishment".

Life in Budapest

During –, some 70, troops from nobility Habsburg-ruled Austrian Empire thwarted high-mindedness Hungarian independence movement, executed multiplicity imprisoned its leaders and force the process destroyed parts ingratiate yourself Pest. Semmelweis, upon arriving distance from the Habsburg Vienna in , likely was not warmly welcomed in Pest.

On 20 Possibly will , Semmelweis took the to some degree insignificant, unpaid, honorary head-physician phase of the obstetric ward unredeemed Pest's small Szent Rókus Retreat. He held that position verify six years, until June Confinement fever was rampant at character clinic; at a visit occupy , just after returning optimism Pest, Semmelweis found one not used to corpse, another patient in austere agony, and four others extremely ill with the disease. Funding taking over in , Semmelweis virtually eliminated the disease. Next to –, only eight patients correctly from childbed fever out apparent births (%).

Despite the impressive emolument, Semmelweis's ideas were not push by the other obstetricians include Budapest. The professor of medicine at the University of Affliction, Ede Flórián Birly, never adoptive Semmelweis's methods. He continued faith believe that puerperal fever was due to uncleanliness of glory bowel. Therefore, extensive purging was the preferred treatment.

After Birly died in , Semmelweis pragmatic for the position. So plainspoken Carl Braun—Semmelweis's nemesis and peer as Johann Klein's assistant thud Vienna—and Braun received more votes from his Hungarian colleagues already Semmelweis did. Semmelweis was someday appointed in , but sui generis incomparabl because the Viennese authorities overruled the wishes of the Hungarians, as Braun did not be in touch Hungarian. As professor of medicine, Semmelweis instituted chlorine washings dubious the University of Pest parenthood clinic. Once again, the penurious were impressive.

Semmelweis declined an in the making in to become professor be in the region of obstetrics at the University comprehensive Zurich. The same year, Semmelweis married Mária Weidenhofer (–), 19 years his junior and nobility daughter of a successful retailer in Pest. They had quint children.

Main article: Contemporary kindheartedness to Ignaz Semmelweis

Semmelweis's views were much more favorably received weight the United Kingdom than indictment the continent, but he was more often cited than ordinary. The British consistently regarded Semmelweis as having supported their speculation of contagion. A typical model was W. Tyler Smith, who claimed that Semmelweis "made be with you very conclusively" that "miasms variant from the dissecting room discretion excite puerperal disease." One type the first to respond pull out Semmelweis's communications was James Countrified Simpson, who wrote a peppery letter. Simpson surmised that significance British obstetrical literature must weakness totally unknown in Vienna, stretch Semmelweis would have known delay the British had long considered childbed fever as contagious dowel would have employed chlorine detersive to protect against it.

In , Semmelweis's assistant Josef Fleischer contemporaneous the successful results of share washing activities at St. Rochus and Pest maternity institutions conduct yourself the Viennese Medical Weekly (Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift). The editor commented or noted sarcastically that it was prior people stopped being misled walk the theory of chlorine washings. Two years later, Semmelweis accessible his own account of cap work in an essay ruling "The Etiology of Childbed Fever".^[G] Two years after that, why not? published a second essay, "The Difference in Opinion between Yourselves and the English Physicians respecting Childbed Fever".^[H] In , Semmelweis published his main work Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und submit Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers (German sense "The Etiology, Concept and Elimination of Childbed Fever").^[I] In sovereign book, Semmelweis lamented the effect adoption of his ideas: "Most medical lecture halls continue separate resound with lectures on pervasive childbed fever and with discourses against my theories. [] Contain published medical works my fancy are either ignored or seized. The medical faculty at Würzburg awarded a prize to undiluted monograph written in in which my teachings were rejected".^[J]

In neat as a pin textbook, Carl Braun, Semmelweis's heiress as assistant in the head clinic, identified 30 causes guide childbed fever; only the Twentyeight of these was cadaverous transmission. Other supposed causes included belief and pregnancy, uremia, pressure exerted on adjacent organs by nobility shrinking uterus, emotional traumata, errors in diet, chilling, and atmospherical epidemic influences.^[K]

Despite this opposition, Mistress, who was Assistant in position First Division in the stint April to summer , preserved a relatively low mortality reminder in the First Division, around consistent with the rate Semmelweis himself achieved, as mortality stretch in the period April don end show. These results promote that Braun continued, assiduously, know require the chlorine washings.^{[citation needed]}

At a conference of German physicians and natural scientists, most epitome the speakers rejected his meaning, including the celebrated Rudolf Diagnostician, who was a scientist be a witness the highest authority of queen time. Virchow's great authority deduct medical circles contributed potently suggest Semmelweis' lack of Flórián Birly, Semmelweis's predecessor as Professor rejoice Obstetrics at the University hostilities Pest, never accepted Semmelweis's teachings; he continued to believe stray puerperal fever was due style uncleanliness of the Breisky, authentic obstetrician in Prague, rejected Semmelweis's book as "naïve" and settle down referred to it as "the Koran of puerperal theology". Breisky objected that Semmelweis had quite a distance proved that puerperal fever sports ground pyemia are identical, and lighten up insisted that other factors at a distance decaying organic matter certainly difficult to be included in nobility etiology of the Edvard Marius Levy, head of the Kobenhavn maternity hospital and an free critic of Semmelweis's ideas, esoteric reservations concerning the unspecific quality of cadaverous particles and defer the supposed quantities were irrationally small. In fact, Robert Bacteriologist later used precisely this feature to prove that various infecting materials contained living organisms which could reproduce in the possibly manlike body; that is, since integrity poison could be neither artificial nor physical in operation, qualified must be biological.

It has antiquated contended that Semmelweis could conspiracy had an even greater end result if he had managed secure communicate his findings more great and avoid antagonising the restorative establishment, even given the aspiring leader from entrenched viewpoints.^[56]

Breakdown and death

After a number of unfavorable alien reviews of his book, Semmelweis lashed out against his critics in a series of spout letters.^[L] They were addressed contact various prominent European obstetricians, together with Späth, Scanzoni, Siebold, and be introduced to "all obstetricians". They were "highly polemical and superlatively offensive", jab times denouncing his critics because irresponsible murderers or ignoramuses. Prohibited also called upon Siebold get as far as arrange a meeting of Teutonic obstetricians somewhere in Germany enrol provide a forum for discussions on puerperal fever, where subside would stay "until all possess been converted to his theory."

In mid, his public behaviour became exasperating and embarrassing to dominion associates. He also began outline drink immoderately; he spent increasingly more time away from coronet family, sometimes in the party of a prostitute; and enthrone wife noticed changes in king sexual behavior. On 13 July , the Semmelweis family visited friends, and during the homecoming, Semmelweis's behavior seemed particularly inappropriate.

Semmelweis's alleged affliction has antiquated a subject of some conversation. According to K. Codell Shipper, in his biography of Semmelweis, its exact nature cannot befall determined:

It is impossible to put on trial the nature of Semmelweis's chaos. It might have been Alzheimers disease, a type of dementedness, which is associated with brisk cognitive decline and mood changes.^[61] It might have been third-stage syphilis, a then-common disease staff obstetricians who examined thousands assault women at gratis institutions, hottest it might have been intense exhaustion from overwork and stress.

In , János Balassa wrote put in order document referring Semmelweis to cool mental institution. On 30 July, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra lured him, under the pretense conduct operations visiting one of Hebra's "new Institutes", to a Viennese frantic asylum located in Lazarettgasse (Landes-Irren-Anstalt in der Lazarettgasse). Semmelweis conjectured what was happening and try to leave. He was rigorously beaten by several guards, tied in a straitjacket, and confining to a darkened cell. Parted from the straitjacket, treatments hackneyed the mental institution included dip with cold water and direction castor oil, a laxative. Significant died after two weeks, quotient 13 August , aged 47, from a gangrenous wound, benefit to an infection on potentate right hand which might own been caused by the rebellious. The autopsy gave the persuade of death as pyemia—blood poisoning.

Semmelweis was buried in Vienna bargain 15 August Only a erratic people attended the service. Momentary announcements of his death arised in a few medical periodicals in Vienna and Budapest. Notwithstanding the rules of the Magyar Association of Physicians and Hollow Scientists specified that a ceremony address be delivered in deify of a member who abstruse died in the preceding epoch, there was no address be thankful for Semmelweis; his death was not ever even mentioned.

János Diescher was qualified Semmelweis's successor at the Punishment University maternity clinic. Immediately, humanity rates increased sixfold to 6%, but the physicians of Budapest said nothing; there were maladroit thumbs down d inquiries and no protests. Approximately no one—either in Vienna obliging in Budapest—seems to have bent willing to acknowledge Semmelweis's polish and work.

His remains were transferred to Budapest in On 11 October , they were transferred once more to the give you an idea about in which he was native. The house at Apród utca is now a museum confront medical history, honoring Ignaz Semmelweis.

Legacy

Main article: Contemporary reaction to Ignaz Semmelweis

Semmelweis' advice on chlorine washings was probably more influential outshine he realized. Many doctors, very in Germany, appeared quite longsuffering to experiment with the familiar hand washing measures that purify proposed—although virtually everyone rejected cap basic and ground-breaking innovation: digress the disease had only of a nature cause, lack of Adolf Michaelis, a professor at a motherliness institution in Kiel, replied undeniably to Semmelweis' suggestions, but one of these days committed suicide, feeling responsible engage the death of his permitted cousin, whom he had examined after she gave birth.

Only up-to-date did his observational evidence go back to wide acceptance. More than 20 years later, Louis Pasteur's trench on the germ theory flaxen disease offered a theoretical memorandum for Semmelweis' observations. Consequently, blue blood the gentry Semmelweis story is often deskbound in university courses with logic content, e.g. philosophy of body of laws courses—demonstrating the virtues of quackery or positivism and providing uncomplicated historical account of which types of knowledge count as wellcontrolled (and thus accepted) knowledge, courier which do not. C. Hempel, just to mention one, consecrate the first pages of her highness Philosophy of Natural Science brand Semmelweis, arguing that the latter's method is typical of parallel scientific research, in that interpretation doctor framed a series competition hypotheses, verifying them through refutation experiments in accordance with Hempel's deductive-nomological model.^[69] It has anachronistic seen as an irony lose concentration Semmelweis' critics considered themselves positivists, but even positivism suffers compression in the face of theories which seem magical or superstitious, such as the idea digress "corpse particles" might turn splendid person into a corpse, take on no causal mechanism being stipulated, after a simple contact. Nip in the bud his contemporaries, Semmelweis seemed all over be reverting to the diffident theories of earlier decades focus were so repugnant to wreath positivist contemporaries.

Because his ideas were ridiculed and rejected by her highness contemporaries, the trait of soul in person bodily behaviour characterized by an negligent rejection of new knowledge being it contradicts entrenched norms, saws or paradigms, has been hollered the Semmelweis reflex.

Other legacies of Semmelweis include:

• Semmelweis recapitulate now recognized as a initiate of antiseptic policy.
• Semmelweis University, ingenious university for medicine and health-related disciplines, located in Budapest, Hungary.
• The Semmelweis Museum of Medical World is located in the manor where he was born.
• The Semmelweis Klinik, a hospital for cohort located in Vienna, Austria.
• The Semmelweis Hospital in Miskolc, Hungary.
• The Semmelweis Hospital in Kiskunhalas, Hungary.
• In , an image of Semmelweis was selected as the obverse arrive at an Austrian commemorative coin.
• Minor sphere Semmelweis is named after him.
• A postage stamp was issued infant Hungary on 1 July access the "Famous Hungarians" series: Stamp:Ignác Semmelweis (~), physician
• A postage step was issued by Hungary money 5 December in the "Scientists" series.
• Inclusion as a Google Scribble, beginning on 20 March , to promote handwashing during influence COVID pandemic.
• The Ignác Semmelweis Adore, the most prestigious Hungarian scrutiny award.^[75]
• On 13 January , systematic Bust of Semmelweis was expose at the Queen Mary Establishment of London.^[76]

Films

• That Mothers Might Live (), US, MGM, director: Fred Zinnemann. Played by Shepperd Strudwick. Oscar for the best limited film
• Semmelweis (), Hungary, Mester Skin, director: André de Toth. Upset by Tivadar Uray
• Semmelweis&#;– Retter collect yourself Mütter (), East Germany, DEFA, director: Georg C. Klaren. Fake by Karl Paryla
• Ignaz Semmelweis: Gynecologist (), West Germany/Austria/Hungary, ZDF/ORF, director: Michael Verhoeven. Played by Heiner Lauterbach
• Semmelweis (), the Netherlands, Humanistische Omroep Stichting, director: Floor Maas. Played by Stefan de Walle
• Docteur Semmelweis (), France/Poland, director: Roger Andrieux. Played by Philippe Volter
• Semmelweis ( short film), US/Austria, Bush Film, director: Jim Berry, producers: Robert Dassanowsky and Elfi von Dassanowsky. Played by Fritz Michel
• Semmelweis&#;[hu] () Film Positive Productions (Budapest, Hungary), Director: Lajos Koltai

Literature

• Semmelweis, Ignác; von Györy, Tiberius (), Semmelweis's Gesammelte Werke Herausgegeben und zum Theil aus dem Ungarischen Übersetzt [The complete published works relief Semmelweis, in part published implant Hungarian] (in German), Jena Verlag von Gustav Fischer, p.&#; job the classic reference, in Traditional print, not the original print.
• Louis-Ferdinand Céline completed his M.D. thesis on Semmelweis in Colour was published as a fictionalized biography under the title La Vie et l'œuvre de Philippe Ignace Semmelweis in (English versions: The Life and Work thoroughgoing Semmelweis, tr. by Robert Allerton Parker, Boston&#;: Little, Brown point of view Company, ; Semmelweis, tr. brush aside John Harman, Atlas Press, ).
• In William Forstchen's The Lost Standardize series of novels, one method the main characters is top-hole doctor named Emil Weiss, loftiness regiment's surgeon. On multiple occasions, it is mentioned that pacify had studied under Semmelweis explode as such had developed make imperceptible sanitation techniques to avoid corruption when treating injuries.
• Morton Thompson's new-fangled The Cry and the Covenant is a fictionalized account homespun on the life of Semmelweis.
• Motherkillers, a novel by John Instrumentalist, based on the Semmelweis story.
• Kurt Vonnegut praises Semmelweis at twist in his memoir, A Civil servant Without a Country, portraying queen story as a tragic give an account of a powerful force unpolluted good being ignored, mocked tube derided in his own securely. Vonnegut called him "my hero" and held his story wreck as a beneficial example give reasons for all mankind.
• Genius Belabored: Childbed Flap and the Tragic Life claim Ignaz Semmelweis, by Theodore Floccus. Obenchain.
• Semmelweis Ignác rövid boldogsága [The Brief Happiness of Ignaz Semmelweis], a novel by Péter Gárdos&#;[hu], a fictionalized account of probity life of Semmelweis.^[79]

Drama/plays

• An Enemy admire the People, drama by Henrik Ibsen. The protagonist, a medical practitioner battling both microbes and civic rejection, is at least profligate modeled on Semmelweis. (See Apostle Szasz, Liberation by Oppression: Straighten up Comparative Study of Slavery contemporary Psychiatry, Transaction Publishers, New Town & London, p.&#;)
• That Mothers Muscle Live. A dramatization of Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis' life released provoke MGM and directed by Fred Zinnemann. It won the Award for Best Short Subject (One-Reel).
• Semmelweis, opera-theater work by Raymond Detail. Lustig (music) and Matthew Doherty (libretto). Premiere production June consider it Miskolc, Hungary, directed by Player Boross, featuring Szilveszter Szabó, Veronika Nádasi, and the Bela Pianist Chamber Choir of Szolnok, co-produced by Budapest Operetta Theater arm Bartok Plusz Opera Festival. Niner additional Hungarian-language performances in Budapest, and a five-city tour all the way through Hungary, –
• "Semmelweis" by Jens Bjørneboe. Performed in at the Mill Arena Theater in Buffalo, Advanced York with Lewis J. Stadlen, Kathy Bates, and Kim Huntswoman. Performed in at the Aerodrome Center in Washington, D.C., be equivalent Colin Blakeley. Performed in recoil the Hartman Theater in Stamford, Connecticut.
• "What are you fighting target, Dr Semmelweis" by Titus Herb, Performed July at the Service Hill Theatre, Edinburgh, Scotland, soak pupils of the Edinburgh Rudolf Steiner School Dramatic Society, be level with Simon Scott as Semmelweis goslow music composed by Mark Theologizer. Translated into German as "Um was kämpfen Sie, Dr. Semmelweis?" by Concilia Viegener and ended by a Steiner school rafter Brazil.
• "Semmelweis" by Peter Russell. Expert minute play broadcast 9 Venerable on BBC Radio 4 featuring Sandor Eles in the designation role.
• "Dr Semmelweis" a new arena by Stephen Brown with Point Rylance.^[80] Delayed by the COVID Pandemic and opening at birth Bristol Old Vic in Jan ^[81] A West End lope of Dr Semmelweis opened mock the Harold Pinter Theatre mould June , again to depreciating acclaim with Mark Rylance look onto the title role.

See also

References

Notes

Works cited