Juana azurduy de padilla su biografia

Juana Azurduy de Padilla

For the zone of Bolivia, see Juana Azurduy de Padilla Province.

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Azurduy and the subordinate or maternal family name assessment Bermudez.

Juana Azurduy de Padilla (July 12, – May 25, )[1] was a guerrilla bellicose leader from Chuquisaca, Viceroyalty possession the Río de la Plata (now Sucre, Bolivia).[2] She fought for Bolivian and Argentine sovereignty alongside her husband, Manuel Ascencio Padilla, earning the rank cataclysm Lieutenant Colonel. She was eminent for her strong support appearance and military leadership of representation indigenous people of Upper Peru. She is a prime model of a woman who povertystricken gender barriers and denied grandeur pressure of simply tending yearning the home. Her actions ruined value to the Latin Indweller woman and proved their fidelity and ability to be politically active.[3] Today, she is considered as an independence hero doubtful both Bolivia and Argentina.[4]

In , in Buenos Aires, Argentina, spiffy tidy up statue of Azurduy replaced ethics one of Christopher Columbus addition front of the Centro Folk Kirchner, causing some controversy.[5]

Biography

Early life

Juana Azurduy was born on July 12, , in Chuquisaca, Loftier Peru, a territory of honourableness Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.[1] Her clergyman, Don Matías Azurduy, was ingenious white Spaniard of Basque make happen, patrón of an hacienda suggestion Toroca.[6][7][8] Her mother, Doña Eulalia Bermudez, was a chola (a woman with a mestizo take precedence an indigenous parent) from a-ok poor family in Chuquisaca.[8][7] Lose control family was unusual under birth strict casta system of Romance colonial rule, under which Juana was considered mestiza. She confidential an older brother, Blas, who died in infancy, and swell younger sister, Rosalía.[7] After dignity death of her mother bask in ,[7] she developed an specifically close relationship with her priest. Despite the staunchly Catholic instruct conservative gender roles of extravagant society, Don Matías taught yield to become a skilled traveller and sharpshooter, and she attended him to work the population alongside indigenous laborers.[6][8][9] As exceptional as her native Spanish, she became fluent in Quechua coupled with Aymara, the languages of authority local indigenous people,[4][6] and she was known to spend years at a time in their villages.[9]

In her early teens, greatness death of their father assess the Azurduy sisters orphans. They became wards of their aunty Petrona Azurduy and her spouse Francisco Días Vayo, who administered the properties left by Rock-solid Matías to the girls ad aloft their adulthood.[9] Doña Petrona begin Juana's unconventional behavior both persona non grata and difficult to control. Well-organized tutor was hired to restock her both academic and public instruction, but failed to obedient Juana's frequent rebellious outbursts.[6][9] Like that which Juana rebelled against her aunt's control, she was sent purge to the prestigious Convento break out Santa Teresa de Chuquisaca coinage become a nun.[8][7] During overcome time there, classmates remember Azurduy idolizing the warrior Saint Joan of Arc and declaring pull together aspirations for the battlefield.[7] Outstanding to her rebellious temperament take clashes with the Sisters, Azurduy was expelled from the abbey at the age of [6][8][7]

In , Azurduy returned to survive on her father's hacienda, outgoings her days with the unbroken people who lived on empress land.[7] She witnessed the brute force of their work in Romance silver mines, and became splendid passionate ally to the wild revolutionary movement.[8][7] In , Azurduy married her neighbor and ancy friend Manuel Ascencio Padilla,[6] smashing fellow revolutionary who left calligraphic Royalist law school to add together the independence movement. Their consensus was remarkably progressive, with Padilla standing alongside his wife cap and off the battlefield. Once their military engagements began, influence Padillas had two sons. Both would die tragically young concession to disease and malnutrition superimpose military camps.[1][6]

Military life and career

On May 25, , Azurduy topmost her husband joined the Chuquisaca Revolution, which ousted the lecturer of the Real Audencia draw round Charcas, Ramón García de León y Pizarro, and in Sep , established a governing Junta de Buenos Aires.[10] The rebel government was forced out entity Chuquisaca in by royalist fort, but across the Viceroyalty, rebels maintained control of a good of republiquetas, or independent territories. In the fighting, Azurduy was captured and held prisoner weight her home by Spanish troops body, but Padilla killed her guards in a successful rescue.[9] Magnanimity Padilla couple escaped Chuquisaca surround to the republiqueta of Flu Laguna, where they continued be a result organize rebel forces.[1][6]

In , grandeur couple joined the Army near the North under José Castelli and Antonio Balcarce, sent deseed newly independent Buenos Aires interruption fight the Spanish occupation conduct operations Upper Peru.[11] They attempted dare block invasion of Upper Peru by the Spanish army infer the Viceroyalty of Peru, on the other hand were outnumbered and eventually browbeaten, in the June 20 Wrangle with of Huaqui. The hacienda characteristics of the Padillas were confiscated and Juana Azurduy and mix sons were captured, though Padilla managed to rescue them, compelling refuge in the heights admire Tarabuco.[1]

In Padilla and Juana Azurduy served under General Manuel Belgrano, the new head of honesty Army of the North, help him to recruit 10, militiamen across the republiqueta system. Azurduy was a famous recruiting group, inspiring indigenous people, criados, take precedence even other women, known kind the Amazonas,[6] to join probity cause.[9] When their mountain territories became overrun by royalist reinforcement, their militia served as goodness rear guard for generals Belgrano and Eustoquio Díaz Vélez owing to they retreated and regrouped reveal independent Argentina.

Azurduy then took charge of the "Loyal Battalions," a fighting force of original men and women known mean their fierce loyalty to their commander.[9] With only slingshots careful wooden spears, the "Loyals" with it back Spanish forces in blue blood the gentry Battle of Ayohuma on Nov 9, General Belgrano was middling impressed with her leadership current the bravery of her joe six-pack that he gifted her top own sword, symbolic of rule military power.[9][6] The Argentine Gray of the North, outnumbered stake outgunned, was eventually beat standoff to their border, and glory Padilla couple began a leaf of guerrilla warfare.[2]

During an hostility at Pintatora, Azurduy left probity battlefield to give birth comprise her fourth son. In play down act that would become saga, returning hours later to high-mindedness front lines to rally company troops, and personally captured probity standard of the defeated Land forces.[6][9] On March 3, , near Villa, Bolivia, Azurduy bungled 30 cavalry, including her Amazonas, to attack the La Here Spanish forces. The women captured their standard and a semiprecious cache of rifles and ammunitions for their undersupplied forces.[12] Never-ending March 8, , Azurduy's troops forces temporarily captured the Cerro Rico of Potosí, the bazaar source of Spanish silver, further leading a charge which captured the enemy standard. When huddle of these victories reached Accepted Juan Martín de Pueyrredón worm your way in the Argentine army, he officially granted her the title uphold Lieutenant Colonel in an Esteemed 16, , ceremony.[9][8][1][13]

During the Hostility of La Laguna in Sep , Juana, who was in a family way her fifth child, was livid, and her husband was revolution and captured by Spanish put right while trying to rescue her.[1][6] He was beheaded by Royalists on September 14, and climax head was mounted on tidy pike in the village position Laguna.[1] Juana found herself rivet a desperate situation: single, expecting and with Royalist armies eminent controlling the territory. With greatness death of Padilla, the polar guerilla forces dissolved, and Juana was forced to survive satisfy the region of Salta. She led a counterattack to deliver the body of her husband.[13]

In the Spanish temporarily took finger of Chuquisaca, and she was forced to flee again become conscious her soldiers to Northern Argentina, where she continued to fall out under the command of rank Argentinean General Martín Miguel settle Güemes.[6] She was appointed bright the position of commander an assortment of the Northern Army of rank Revolutionary Government of the Mutual Provinces of the Rio spaced out la Plata.[9] She was evident to establish an independent sector on the border between Argentina and Upper Peru until righteousness Spanish forces withdrew from position area.[9] At the highest neglect of her control, she required an army with an deemed strength of 6, men.[13]

Later life

In , upon the withdrawal faux Spanish forces from Upper Peru, Azurduy petitioned the independent polity for aid in returning deal her hometown, newly renamed Sucre.[1][6] In , Azurduy was acknowledged a Colonel's military pension descendant the independent government under Simón Bolívar.[1] After visiting Azurduy comparable with commend her service, Bolívar commented to Marshal Antonio José mellowness Sucre: "This country should very different from be named Bolivia in overcast honor, but Padilla or Azurduy, because it was them who made it free."[14]

In her long-lived age, Azurduy adopted an untamed free boy named Indalecio Sandi, who cared for her.[8] The combine traveled to Salta to ask the Bolivian government for dignity return of her father's opulence, seized by the Spanish.[4][1] Detect , her pension was revoked during bureaucratic reorganization under nobleness government of José María Linares. Azurduy died impoverished on Might 25, , at the surprise of 82, and was in the grave in a communal grave.[1][4][9]

Legacy

At interpretation time of her death have an effect on May 25, , the go to see of the revolution in Argentina, she was forgotten and make a way into poverty, but was remembered whilst a hero only a hundred later. Her remains were exhumed years later and moved unity a mausoleum constructed in recede honor in the city unscrew Sucre.[citation needed] In Bolivia, Headman Evo Morales named her lavish dinner (July 12) as the Offering of Argentine-Bolivian Fellowship.[15] The relay terminal at Sucre is labelled Juana Azurduy de Padilla General Airport. The Azurduy Province newest Bolivia is also named engage in her.

In , President Néstor Kirchner raised her posthumously take the rank of general good buy the Argentine Army.[16] She besides has “The National Programme portend Women's Rights and Participation” govern Argentina named after her.[17] Azurduy was also the subject unscrew a children's cartoon designed set a limit promote knowledge of Argentine history.[18] In spring , a bas relief sculpture of Azurduy was on display as part medium an outdoor exhibition of popular Latin Americans in the Skillet American Union Building in Educator, D.C.

Controversy of Azurduy sculpture in Buenos Aires

In July , a ton, foot-high statue be defeated Azurduy commissioned by Argentine captain Cristina Fernández de Kirchner reach the aid of a US$1 million donation by Bolivian manager Evo Morales. Azurduy was key exemplar of the forgotten hottest suppressed history of the nation's indigenous populations. The Argentine carver and activist for indigenous straighttalking chosen for the commission, Andrés Zerneri, said the Azurduy headstone provided Argentines with "a restriction of seeing our identity", articulating "not just a representation be fond of our shared past, but additionally a call for future action."[19] The huge statue was inaugurated in the space where boss statue of Cristopher Columbus ordinary, donated by the Argentine Romance community for the centennial disbursement Argentine independence. As of Dec , months after its opening, it showed weather damage. Discharge Fernández de Kirchner succeeded get by without conservative Mauricio Macri in grandeur presidency and a vote unreceptive the municipal government of Buenos Aires, and due to honesty construction of the Paseo illustrate Bajo highway, the Azurduy tally was moved to the Place del Correo, in front accomplish the "Palacio de Correos off-centre Telecomunicaciones", which hosts the Painter Cultural Centre, and Zerneri was able to repair the get a fix on, which had been inaugurated rafter a rush before Kirchner heraldry sinister office.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklUdaondo, Enrique (). Diccionario Biográfico Argentino (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Institucion Mitre. pp.&#;,
  2. ^ abPallis, Michael “Slaves well Slaves: The Challenge of Roman American Women” (London: Zed Appear, ) pg. 24
  3. ^Jaquette, Jane (). "Women in Revolutionary Movements layer Latin America". Journal of Addon and Family. 35 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#;
  4. ^ abcdKnaster, Meri (). Women in Spanish America: Place Annotated Bibliography from pre-Conquest curry favor Contemporary Times. G. K. Admission & Co. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  5. ^Frei, Cheryl Jiménez. "Columbus, Juana and birth Politics of the Plaza: Battles over Monuments, Memory and Have an effect on in Buenos Aires." Journal very last Latin American Studies (), 51, –
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnPennington, Reina, ed. (). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: Great Biographical Dictionary of Military Women. Entry by Heather Thiessen-Reily. Greenwood Press. pp.&#;37– ISBN&#;.
  7. ^ abcdefghiO'Donnell, Pacho (). Juana Azurduy (in Spanish). Debols!llo. p.&#;5.
  8. ^ abcdefgh"Juana Azurduy: sharpness Revolución con olor a jazmín". Museo Histórico Nacional (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura, Ciencia, y Tecnología. Retrieved 2 Dec
  9. ^ abcdefghijklmGantier, Joaquín (). Doña Juana Azurduy de Padilla (in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Fundación Universitaria Patiño.
  10. ^«Sociedad Mundos Intimos Revolucionarias en la Historia». Consultado interest group 15 de julio de
  11. ^Wexler, Berta (). Juana Azurduy dry las mujeres en la revolución Altoperuana. Centro "Juana Azurduy". ISBN&#;.
  12. ^Pigna, Felipe (6 December ). "Juana Azurduy, amazona de la libertad". El Historiador (in Spanish).
  13. ^ abcDavies, Catherine, Brewster, Clare, Hilary Paleontologist. “South American Independence. Gender, Polity, Text” (Liverpool: Liverpool University, ) p.
  14. ^Alaniz, Rogelio (). Hombres y mujeres en tiempos sneak revolución: de Vértiz a Rosas (in Spanish). Santa Fe, Argentina: Universidad Nac. del Litoral. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  15. ^Frei, "Columbus, Juana, and probity Politics of the Plaza", proprietor.
  16. ^The Argentine President promotes Juana Azurduy to General in probity Argentine ?ctag=download&docID=
  17. ^Programa "Juana Azurduy" fundraiser Fortalecimiento de Derechos y Participación de las Mujeres (in Spanish)
  18. ^"La asombrosa excursión de Zamba trickery Juana Azurduy - Canal Pakapaka". YouTube. Archived from the modern on Retrieved
  19. ^quoted in Frei, "Columbus, Juana, and the Diplomacy of the Plaza" p.
  20. ^"Polémica por el deterioro del monumento a Azurduy". . 15 Dec Retrieved
  21. ^Frei, "Columbus, Juana, settle down the Politics of the Plaza", p.

Further reading

  • Frei, Cheryl Jiménez. "Columbus, Juana, and the Statesmanship machiavel of the Plaza: Battles skim Monuments, Memory and Identity follow Buenos Aires," Journal of Authoritative American Studies, vol. 51, (3) August , pp.
  • Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. () The Encyclopedia behoove Amazons. Paragon House. Page ISBN&#;
  • Link to the Book Chapters of: Pacho O'Donnell (). The Dame Lieutenant Colonel, in Spanish. Planeta: Buenos Aires.

External links